Effect Of Heavy Metals On The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

Effect Of intelligent Metals On The purlieu surroundingsal Sciences EssayHeavy alloys are near abundant forms of contaminant in Malaysia either in the forms of solid or liquid. With the vast industrialization and stinting development in coastal region, voiceless admixtures are continuing to be chisel ind to the estuarine and coastal environment which nonethelesstually termination up into the river, outpourings and knowledge base base champaign (Yu et al., 2007). Metals diffuses into the aquatic environment result character-hardenedtle evolve down and be incorporated into alluviations together with fundamental matters, Fe/Mn oxides, sulfides, and corpse (Wang and Chen, 2000). However, grueling surface mobility or availability in contaminated materials depends to grownup extent upon the different chemic and mineralogical forms that occurred (Song et al., 1999). Therefore, depositarys seem to be an excellent medium in the assessment of the coats brim to t he particulates. Nonetheless, posits are know to act as a sink for heavy metals to be portrayd into weewees either from two natural and anthropogenic obtains thus providing an excellent proof of mans impact (Pempkowiase et al., 1999 Guevara et al., 2005). In addition, they whitethorn besides act as traps for various types of pollutants including heavy metals (Poh and Mun, 1994). Indeed, changes in environmental conditions much(prenominal) as pH and redox potency should be monitored since it may results in remobilization of heavy metals. Unfortunately, due to the scarcity of information procurable to establish the heavy metal concentration in depositaryation development sequential downslope, no data is introduceed concerning the heavy metal taint in the rivers except for one author Shazili et al., 2008 on Langat River john. Heavy metals element is peculiarly crucial be scram any slight changes in availability may bm these elements to become either toxic or defici ent to plant (Krishnamurti et al., 1995). In fact, sequential extraction digest is a proficiency which is use to check over the geochemical partitioning of heavy metals amongst solid mineral and organic phases in sediment or different earth minerals (Howard and Vandenbrink, 1999). consecutive fractionation also ofttimes utilize in approaches to evaluate metals diffusion into different chemical forms present in solid phases. Although direct methods provide an unambiguous identification of the heavy metal forms and ways why they occur, they capacity not be sufficiently sensitive where heavy metals occur at relatively low levels and they do not provide quantitative information on heavy metal mobility and availability (Song et al., 1999). However, sequential extraction approach is undoubtedly reusable since a few(prenominal) attempts have completed and few modification have been made establish on Tessier et al., (1979) much(prenominal) as Silviera et al., (2006) Krishnamurti et al., (1995) Song et al., (1999) Forghani et al., (2009), Poh and Mun, (1994).2.0 Problem StatementLangat river, Bernam River and Klang River river basin is located in the enounce of Selangor in which known to be the most developing states in Malaysia different than Kuala Lumpur. alone of these rivers are primarily Copernican as weewee cite not only limited to proviso pissing to consumer but also for opposite purposes such as aquaculture and floriculture activity, fishing, effluent discharge, irrigation and even sand mining. With the vast industrialization held in the river such as sand mining it generate the release of metal bound in sediment into the piddle promoting metals diffussion into the aquatic organisms and eventually ends up into valet body. Moreover, separately metals poses their own panic to human, particularly Cadmium (Cd) are known for ca victimisation adverse health effects, once ingest into our body it bequeath private road lung cancer moreover it seldom meaning(a) as a cause of phytotoxicity in paddy field (Chaney, 2010). On the former(a) hand, surface (Zn) is a deficient and phytotoxic element in sediment which causes abdominal spite to humans, the latter due to industrial contamination (Chaney, 2010). Copper (Cu) in sediments powerfully adsorbs to clay minerals, iron and manganese oxides and organic material. In addition, it tends to remain in horizons that have a greater organic content whereas sandy sediment with low pH poses the greatest potential for Cu l several(prenominal)lying. On contrary, consume (Pb) is considered to be one of the major environmental pollutants and has been incriminated as a cause of accidental poisoning in domestic animals more than any other substance. In a nutshell, these metals are emboldened to be analyses since this metal endured exalted toxicity in the environment thus poses advanced potential threat and risk to humans and living organisms.3.0 Significance of StudyThis study is str iking since in Malaysia there is only few attempted study development sequential extraction as medium in determining the requisite of metals in environment. Particularly, this study get out be useful as a baseline data for goverment bodies to be more sensitive on the issues link to heavy metals. On the other hand, this study pull up stakes provide a delineation on the sources of metals which contribute the most anthropogenically or naturally to the environment since the major contributor on the environment deteroriation is a non point source. Therefore, identifying the potential sources is crucial in maintaining the environment. Nonetheless, by conducting this study it ables to generate a ponderous understanding on the sources and parent materials of which heavy metals are exceedingly introduce to the estuary. Thus, contribute to the discovery of metals strength and percentage of binding to organic or inorganic pollutants. Hence, providing an illustration on the perspective of contaminant in the selected rivers based on screening of the forms of metals associated in the river. In addition, the attempted method allow utter a method development in assesing the metal in the environment. This study is beneficiary especially by the incision of Irrigation on the overview of the river status thus able to mitigate a scheme on minify the metal accumulation into the river by identifying the source of pollution.4.0 Research ObjectiveTo check over the chemical and mineralogical forms of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn in selected foul river.To profile the metal speciation (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn) in the sediment at selected polluted river in Selangor.To fancy the heavy metals affinity for specific geochemical phases in the recently deposited sediments in the river.To identify the pollution sources and active fortune of heavy metals accumulate into the surficial sediment and its chemical behavior in the aquatic environment.5.0 Literature ReviewA river is component of water cycle . Mostly rainfall on land will passes finished a river on its way to the ocean and smaller side streams will joins the river forming a tributaries (DID, 2010). In Malaysia, the water within a river generally originates from temerity through surface runoff, groundwater recharge (as seen at base flow conditions / during periods of insufficiency of precipitation) and release of stored water in natural or man-made reservoirs, such as wetlands, ponds or lakes (DID, 2010). Therefore, the rainfall will generate the surface runoff and flows into the river. While the runoff will collect all the suspended particulates on the land surface into the river. This is why source of metal is very warm to trace since it is a non point sources elements which diffuse into the river Basin. Therefore, in this case sediments map an important role in identication of the metals since it acts as fare and storage of potentially hazardous metals (Yu et al., 2008).Bernam River is somewhat about 3335 km2 a nd it forms a boundary in the midst of States of Perak in the north and Selangor in the south. The undulating hills of Bernam River merge into an undeveloped peat swamp area where the downstream of the peat swamp is a densely populated coastal strip on the Bernam River. Rice is cultivated in the lower areas ad- jacent to peat swamps and rubber, oil palm, coconuts and cocoa are cultivated in estates and smallholder schemes. Agrochemicals (fertilizers and herbicides) used on agricultural lands suggest a potential non-point source of pollution and toxicity affecting the aquatic ecosystems (Yap and Ong, 1990). log generates pollution through soil erosion, siltation and sedimentation in the streams. On the other hand, Langat River basin covered an area of 1300 km2 in the south of Kuala Lumpur and the length of Langat River is approximately about 120 km long (Sarmani, 1989). Langat river known as an important water source not only limited to supplying water to consumer but also for othe r purposes such as recreation, fishing, effluent discharge, irrigation and even sand mining (Juahir, 2009). Whereas, Klang River is notable as a highly polluted river in Selangor which flows through Kuala Lumpur and suburban area of the densely populated and highly industrialized Klang Valley (Tan, 1995). The upper reaches of the Klang River serve as an important source of water supply to an estimated population of two million people in this region, together with its growing industrial activities (Tan, 1995). According to the Environmental Quality survey (Department of Environment, 2007), the Klang River is regarded as one of the rivers which have been seriously affected by pollution. Discharges of sewer water from industrial activities in the Klang River basin have also contributed to increasing levels of organic chemical pollutants in the waterways.However, metals in sediment comes in various forms of elements. Therefore, each metals may give beneficiary and may also cause a pot ential threat to human. Once consumable in our body it might cause a prodigious imbalance thus causing deformities and sad health (Birungi et al., 2008). Sediment are an important features in the river any activities occured cerebrate to sediment such deepen or mining may cause the release of heavy metals into the river. This is because heavy metals may enter into natural water and become a part of the water sediment system and their distribution processes are controlled by a dynamic set of physical-chemical interactions and equilibrium (Jain, 2003). Therefore, the metals may bind to the aquatic organisms. Since these river is an essential water source in the state of Selangor, any aquaculture activity held in the river may have a significant potential of heavy metals accumulate into the fish or prawns. On the other hand, the deposition of metals in sediments usually occurs through an interaction between sediment and water (Piron et al., 1990), whereby changes of metal contents o f sediments and water depend on changes of water chemistry, such as, temperature, pH and solute concentration. That is why such study is prominent since metals interactions between bed sediment and water in aquatic environment move an important role on water quality and the fate and transport of metals.There are series of modification of sequential extraction technique have been made upon the suitability of the study. The recent modification are introduce by Silviera et al., 2006 which proposed to the studies specifically on the tropical soil. This method listed out vii fractionation steps which each illustrates the metal bound particulate in the sediments. The number one three fractionation steps explains the geochemical condition of the sediment whereas the quarter to the seventh steps refers to the anthropogenic conditions. This method is an alternative way to determine the source of metals, because the anthropogenically sourced metals preferentially partition to the non- ete rnal sleep phase of the sediment while the residual phase generally reflects background geochemical conditions (Forghani et al., 2009). Moreover, this method were chosen since it selectively extracts metal bound by specific sediment fractions with minimal effect on the other sediment components (Silviera et al., 2006). In addition, this method are an important bastard for predicting the potential effects of environmental changes and land application of metals on the redistribution of chemical forms in tropical sediments (Silviera et al., 2006).6.0 Research MethodologySediment Samplingthirty representative surficial sediments (0-20cm depth) will be taken from selected polluted river in Selangor from upstream to downstream of the river. Surface sediments samples will be collected in triplicates and homogenised in a zip lock polyethylene bags. The ingest will be conducted during low tide to enable the source of pollution from the mainland to be dogged without the influence of input from seawater compared to sampling during high tide. Sediment samples will be collected using plastic scoops, Eckman pinch or core sampler and place into panelling-washed double zip-lock polyethylene bag. All samples will be stored in imperturbable box at 4C during transportation to the science research lab prior to analysis.Sampling preparationThe laboratory apparatus are also acerbic washed and rinsed thoroughly first with distilled water to ensure any contaminants and traces of cleaning reagent were removed before the analysis. Pre-clean polycarbonate cartridge remover tube with soaked overnight in 5 % (v/v) nitric acid rinsed with distilled water later 24 hours prior to analysis. It is performed in clean laboratory to minimize the potential risk of contamination.Laboratory AnalysisPhysicochemical parameters such as pH, redox potential, salinity and conductivity will be mensurable using the 12 ratio of sediment and double deionized water (DDW). In addition, cations exchan ge capacity (CEC) and loss on ignition (LOI) will also be rigid in the study.Physicochemical ParametersThe sediment physicochemical analyses will be determined by mixing 10 g of air desiccated sample (Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)Sediment samples for CEC closing will be prepare in two 10 g portions, one for treatment with a 1 M NaCl base and other with a 1 M NH4Cl solution. Approximately about 10 ml of 95% ethanol will be carefully poured on sediment sample and drawn through the sediment by suction. The ethanol be in the sediment will later be removed by overnight evaporation. Then, the sediment will be transferred to small 50 ml Polycarbonate centrifuge tubes. Hence, about 30 ml of 1M NaCl was applied to one set of sub samples and 1 M NH4Cl solution was added to other set. The centrifuge tubes contains with the sediment pre-treated with NaCl and NH4Cl then will be shaken end over end for about 10-20 transactions and incidentally centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 30 minutes in orde r to settle the fines. After the samples are centrifuged, the supernatant will be removed with syringe and filter through a 0.45 m filter. About 15 ml of sample will be used for the analysis of Ca, Mg, and K from the NaCl supernatant solution and preserved with 1% 7M HNO3. Meanwhile, the solution from NH4Cl supernatant will be used for determination of Na and also preserved with 1% 7M HNO3. Sample analysis for Ca, Mg, Na and K choose similar procedure as in the case of major cations determination.The interchangeable cation concentration are converted from meq/100g to equivalent fractions (T) as (Apello Postma, 2005)T = meqI-Xz_____I, J.. meqI-XzWhere I, J,. are exchangeable cations, meqI-Xi is normally given in meq/100 g dry sediment and meqI-Xz is essential equal to CEC, ignoring pocket-size amounts of Fe, Mn, etc.Loss of Ignition (LOI)Dry a sample in an oven at 105C to constant weight. Accurately weigh 1g of this dried sample and pour into a preweighed dry crucible. Optionall y, a few drops of H2O2 may be added at this stage to promote oxidation. The samples will be transfered into benumb furnace and gradually increase the temperature to 500C. Leave inside the oven at this temperature for at least 4h or overnight if convenient. Cool, transfer to a dessicator and allow it to cool to room temperature. Weigh and calculate loss on ignition in % asLOI (%) = 100 x (M1 M2)M1Where M1 is the initial weight (g) and M2 is the weight after ignition (g).Sequential Extraction ProcedureThe methods that will be used in this study are based on modification methods from (Silviera et al., 2006). The fractionation of heavy metals in sediments will be carried out in triplicate, using 1 g of air-dried sediment. Then, sediment samples will be place in 50 ml polycarbonate centrifuge tubes, mixed in a stepwise fashion with various reagents as shown in figure 1, and the suspensions equilibrated. By following equilibration, the solution and solid phases will then be free by ce ntrifugation at 1225 g for 10 min. In between each successive extraction, the solid residues are suspended in 5 ml of 0.1 M NaCl, shaken by hand, and centrifuged to displace extracting solution remaining from the earlier step. The supernatant will be added to the former extractant. The steps are mean to reduce sample dispersion and to minimize read sorption of the metal. The supernatants will be filtered through a 0.45 m membrane, and the solid residues are preserved for the subsequent extractions. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in the various extracts will be determined by Inductive Couple Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Mass balances, calculated by summing individual Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn masses recovered from fractions, were compared with the independently determined total metal masses.Data AnalysisFurther data analysis will be conducted using the raw data obtained from the sample analysis. descriptive analysis, cluster analysis, factor Analysis will be conducted using few softwares such as SPSS version 17 and Multivariate Statistical package (MVSP) and AQUACHEM. Enrichment factors (EF) will be calculated to determine the level of trace metal contamination of the sediments.7.0 Project BenefitResearch Publications2 research daybook with impact factorOutput expected from the projectIt is expected that several publication can be produced from the data obtained in this study which useful as a reference for future research.It will provide the current information on the level of metal pollution in Selangor which functional for relevant authority to make the future planning and management purposes. economic contribution of the projectBy using the information gathered in this research, the relevant government bodies can make better planning and take preventive measures to avoid further contamination of the river as it is crucial source for the nation fisheries and aquaculture activity. Moreover, important because a lot of the population which resides near the mangrove area depend on it for their livelihood. Since, the destruction or contamination of this area will affect their source of income. The reduction in fisheries produce from the mangrove area due to metal pollution will results in high imports of fish products which in turn increase the outflow of money from the country.8.0 ReferencesApello, C.A.J Postma, D. 2005. Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution. second edition. Roterdam Balkema.Birungi, Z., Masola, B., Zaranyika, M. F., Naigaga, I. and Marshall, B. (2008). Active biomonitoring of trace heavy metals using fish (Oreochromis niloticus) as bioindicator speciesthe case of Nakivubo wetland along lake victoria.Chaney, R. L., 2010. Cadmium and Zinc. Trace Element in Soils. Wiley Publication. United Kingdom.Department of Environment, 2007. DOE Annual Report 2007. Retrieved from http//www.doe.gov.my/files/multimedia141/AR_JAS.pdf on 10 October 2010.DID, 2010. Department of Irrigation. River Management-Activities. 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