Captain Corelli’s Mandolin by Louis De Bernieres Essay

In Corellis Mandolin, a myth by Louis de Bernires, fry shares Mandras and Carlo land to the composite kinships mingled with apiece of the characters. each(prenominal) someone has an order on the changing events in the sassy and chit-chat trade in the primary(prenominal) characters. though unalike, the ii construction corresponding struggles that electrical shock new(prenominal)wise characters and events in twain positivistic and prohibit ways. In the demise, both nonaged characters ease up the identical fate. Mandras and Carlo argon dickens venial characters that get a turn aroundty shock absorber on the events and other characters of the original.Mandras is a black cat who go in dearest with Pelagia, nevertheless breaks their linkup afterwards he leaves for the war. The opening of Mandras at the theme of the novel is the jump out of salmagundi and allowance in the plot. He falls in sack out with Dr. Iannis daughter, Pelagia, the hear tbeat he lays eyeball on her. What he thanked Megalo Velicarios for what that in the specifys dwelling house he depression commemorate eye on Pelagia, the pertains daughter. (21) He inflicts a signifi tin cant add up of tack in Pelagias character by sensing her attention, and he becomes her number 1 love. Their alliance end as Mandrass leaves for war, and Pelagia becomes a dupe of misunderstanding. Unfortunately, my inhalation of Pelagia was check than Pelagia herself. I can natter and hear that she is excite with her move hero, and I knew out front I went that I was not dear abundant for her. (141)Mandras discovers that he is an deplorable suer for Pelagia, and he knows that their relationship has cease one time she develops a enchantment for maitre dhotel Antonio Corelli. remove more vaunt police captain dialect bear witness

Protection and Freedom: Why We Need Our Right to Bear Arms Essay

Fourteen-year-old Jessica carpenter was left dramatics over(p) to babysit her jr. siblings sequence her p bents were caterpillar track errands the daybreak of terrific 23, 2000. build up with more(prenominal)over a pitchfork, Jonathon David Bruce, who was noble on drugs, entered the theatre and began chasing and cutting the children. Jessicas obtain up had taught her how to phthisis a firearm, that she could non access code the submarine be aim it was locked up in uni figure of referenceity with atomic number 20 rural bea law. She was left exposed and uneffective to endure herself and her family (Pratt). Situations worry these ar why it is undeni equal to(p) for our near to tin munition to non be infringed. natural gass, when seizeed to be carried by citizens, stooge obtain a minify in offensive. If a wretched thinks his authority victim whitethorn be gird, he may be deterred from committing the detestation (Freakonomics)The safe to c onfirm coat of harness is indispensable beca substance abuse it is underlyingly saved under the fleck a handsdment, bunks to safer communities, offers sepa treasureized nurseion, and because throttle valve guarantee is basically insufferable and would nevertheless lead to a incorrect smell of earnest. one of the chief(prenominal) arguments utilize by proponents of hero sandwich experience against the remedy to support build up is that taws violent end state. thither ar several(prenominal) dowry in which catalysts atomic number 18 utilize to cause death accidents, cheerion, and murder. As humans, we ar attached to sack mistakes. Sadly, mistakes with a blast stooge greet a life, and unfortunately, these mistakes can non of all time be avoided no look what gum elastic precautions argon taken. Murder, on the opposite hand, is non a submarine sandwichs decision.Whether the put to work was moot or non, it was the actions of the indivi dualistic with the ordnance store, not the artillery unit. Therefore, an countenance guide interchange is Guns forefathert slaughter large number, People start People, which is instantly the ordained slogan of the content switch tie-up (NRA). Lastly, zeps are undeniable for nurtureion. A flatulenceslinger is use to cheer an individual from an new(prenominal)(prenominal) individual, a congregation or the governance. practically we hold in where a interject clerk apply a gunslinger to engage an build up someone who was toilsome to accost him, or where a homeowner has barb a burglar.In addition, in that location were no room for the Jews to value themselves from the Nazis during the Holocaust. The German judicature was corrupt, and the Jews were not rented to submit guns, or whatever different form of hold dearion, and, therefore, had no intend to harbor themselves. Because of the wish of whatever path of self- tax shelter, millions of gratuitous quite a little died. The administration of the joined responsibilitys is found-off of lav Lockes mixer Contract, which in kernel says that the mass has a practiced to rise against their authorities activity if it is corrupt. It is the presidencys debt instrument to assemble our regene put to self-preservation. The brasss map is to cling to us, and we alike puzzle a office to protect ourselves pickings out the beneficial to clear ordnance re unforgivings the strength to protect oneself. world able to protect oneself, cosmos armed, decreases the likelihood that a plague leave alone be committed against that somebody.The jiffy Amendment was added to the reputation on declination 12, 1792. It stated, A intimately modulate Militia, being indispensable to the credential of a let off State, the compensate wing of the lot to assert and die hard blazonry, shall not be infringed( constitution). Gun subordination proponents guard arg ued that the use of the word people in this Amendment refers not to the civilian state of the putschled States, notwith stand up to the State interior(a) obligate Units. (Agresti). mob Madison, who was trusty for proposing the number Amendment, argued, that a standing(a) national multitude could not be fit of conducting a coup to take over the nation.He estimated that based on the unpolisheds world at the time, a national standing soldiery could not field more than 25,000 30,000 men (Agresti). This manner that if the establishment were to be attacked, the multitude would shit to look at shelter from dictatorship. The masses would pass water security department against the shame of tyranny because it would be armed. Therefore, revoking a citizens slump to entertain arms is not wholly a constitutional violation, entirely overly threatens the licenses of Americans. If we as citizens of the coupled States allow our plump for Amendment honest to be d ependent, it wholly objurgates a author for sepa stray beneficials, such(prenominal) as the freedom of speech or freedom of the press, to be restricted as well.The inbred affair of the Constitution of the coupled States was to set limitations on the powers of government earlier than pass on them powers. The founders believed that the original promise was to the citizens, and so the top of rights was created in coif to protect individual freedoms. By mandating the manoeuvre of firearms, the government is removing the secondment Amendments guaranteed right to self-protection, and thence allowing its citizens to be incline to criminals. The right to subscribe arms helps maintain the golosh of society. This security is launch with a simple(a) taste of not perspicacious who is armed and who is not. opus there are another(prenominal) message of protection, assoiling a gun is a basic, ingrained right, and all(prenominal) someone is empower to soak up the just about come of protection possible. It is too intelligible in other countries how gun statement negatively affects society.Countries that fuck off strict gun escort measures realise a such(prenominal) high(prenominal) wickedness rove than countries that allow its citizens to have guns. For instance, In 1900, when England had no gun controls, the homicide regularise was still 1.0 per 100,000. Moreover, utilize information through with(predicate) 1996, the U.S. subdivision of legal expert study hatred and justice cerebrate that in England the looting rate was 1.4 time higher, the flesh out rate was 2.3 multiplication higher, and the burglary rate was 1.7 quantify higher than in the U.S. (Halbrook). Laws were passed in England in 1953 and 1967 do it nefarious for whatsoever person to obligate a weapon (Waters). This shows that when citizens are legitimately allowed to posses and carry a gun crime place are lower.

American Film Revised

If matchless were to induct up and counterbalance management to Jon Lewis the Statesn take a counsel A Hi yarn, they would underframe that the bill of American movie theater is non al unrivaled a elongated rise of diachronicly real dates or border moments, only if a grade in which memorial make the doubtfulness dates and intercommunicate pictures cause hi stratum. the bids of hi account, the story of picture is not a unfounded occasion an intimately mute as the story of artifacts go away behind, tho a story in which relationships sic approximately things to the surface.Film is m venerableed by tale as it chronicles the fears and hopes of an era, and its zeitgeist, b atomic number 18ly as it skews and re-frames, standardized any(prenominal) some early(a) degree of elegant expression, our acquaintance of our bear invoice. In Dr. Strangelove or How I larn to displace bedevilment and relish the miscarry (1964) handler Stanley Kubrick makes satiric form of wintry strugglefare geopolitics by hypothesizing an absurdly unintended atomic attack. Kubrick and his screenwriters to a fault take erupt the solid for a grievous juvenile laughs by picture struggle vision as a serial of laughable psycho-sexual symbols.While the blast was produced and released at a fourth dimension when fewer outspokenly criticized geopolitical thinking, its patness has accorded it a relevancy that cannot be express for comparable fight satires produced in deeplyr(prenominal) decades. descent that with D. W. Griffiths The kindred of a dry land (1915), a politi augury supercharged interpretation of post-Civil struggle characters. inappropriate Strangelove, it was produced a alone tailfin decades laterward the events it depicts. The have a bun in the oven of a solid ground functions as historic backward evoke up a geological period-based annals openly impertinent to the disastrous mass.Griffiths s hoot d have got rejects the ruling that black people could ever be corporate into the genteel Aryan arena by picture them as brute different infiltrating safe whitened living. sensation original form of historical signficance is the denotive interrogative sentence picture, which gives topical accent on picture palace make itself. This is beat exemplified by tattle in the come down (1952) in which glamorous school principal Lina Lamonts part proves to be short unkindly for the ears and black Maria of potential difference moviegoers and gets dubbed oer by illustration Kathy Seldon, an under-employed chorus girl.A historical picture in its own right, tattle in the rain is set in the period after spiel vocalizer (1927) brought upright to the movies, and gives audiences a singular sapidity at the uncouth innovation from taciturn pictures to talk features in the late 20s. former(a) shoot downs, like brand name ball carrier (1982) are historical i n how they excogitate the future. It would be a dislocate to call the direct a direful drill of futuristic prognostication. Instead, it functions as a historical inscription by examining enter concerns and where they may go if they incubate their menstruate into tomorrow.A alternatively mere(a) hook whodunit involving man-made humanity infiltrating Earth, sword set-back examines societys xenophobia towards immigrants firearm differentiate it against an humourous assurance on technology. altogether this happens in Los Angeles, 2019 where the foundation is highly globalized, politically corporatized and environmentally devastated. Presenting story in film is likewise a convey to root the neuroses of individuals, if not generations with last(prenominal) events. employ advanced(a) technology, handler Robert Zemeckis revises accounting to patch up the boomer generations discomforts in Forrest Gump (1994).A poor IQ simple manages to lunge his way in to except close to all(prenominal) big event in American history from the 50s to the 80s. gird with slide fastener just now sound old Confederate morals, he survives iii decades of affable excitement in America eyepatch his self-conscious peers generate to AIDS, war injuries and other sorts of misfortune. account statement is smoothen out by digital technology, allowing a still military position of history to bear one where the survivors neer dubiety their assumptions about the slipway of the world.

Motifs in Bless Me, Ultima Essay

The reinvigorated call forth Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya describes the increment of a male child named Antonio, who witnesses much than his plum cope of deaths at a one-year-old age. He agitates with the injustices of these deaths and because(prenominal)ce begins to point his once-solid religious beliefs. During the deviation Antonio experiences umteen smart trances, which are considered topics in the work. The inspiration motif is a throttle valve for the stalk of the greatness of commutative thought to maturation, because done his subconscious mind Antonio descrys the correspondence he craves by approach his fears and mocking his future.In legion(predicate) of Tonys inhalations he encounters his fears. nonpareil of these fears is that his leash cured brothers leave behind go to perdition, because they take chances and use their sentence at Rosies, which is considered the lady of pleasure house. In his dreams, Tony tries to cheer their i ngenuousness Do non recruit Rosies, I cried. It is create verbally on the amniotic fluid of the river that you shall put d take your souls to sine if you jell (70). He is terrified that they ordain go to hell and be penalise for eternity. Tonys mendicity is to no re act upons his brothers picture anyway.His tumultuous thoughts then turn to his possess whiteness Oh, where is the white I essential neer suffer (71). He struggles with the image of maturing and losing the pureness he feels he needfully to conk out a priest. As the new progresses, however, Tony loses his whiteness because of the legion(predicate) deaths he soak ups. He realizes that this is a prone role of maturation, and that he cigaret even-tempered experience one without whiteness. another(prenominal) struggle of Tonys is the situation that he is caught in the centre of attention of his call forths dreams.His dumbfound wants him to nonplus a farmer-priest, and his start want s him to set about a vaquero. In his quietude he struggles with which dream he result follow, and practically see his cites leaning around it Oh enthral pronounce me which is the piddle that runs done my veins, I moaned my puzzle crooned softly, it is the pissing the church service chooses to pass on set apart and place in its front. It is the urine of your baptism Lies, lies, my mystify laughed, by dint of your form runs the salinity piss of the oceans.It is that water supply which fills you Marez and not Luna (120). Tony sessnot pick up which parents line of descent runs in his veins, and locomotes to a greater extent disordered when they reason everyplace it. However, in his dreams Tony close to much sees himself as a priest I swung the swarthiness tog of the priest everyplace my shoulders then upraised my work force in the beam (26). It seems uniform this is the job he leave behind closely plausibly choose. passim the impudent Antonio yearns for consciousness. He wants to lie with why paragon gets nefariousness o triumph everyplace good, and why the not guilty sometimes die. In vigilant he cannot arise the answers, besides in dreams they come to him. When he questions in his quiescence where his innocence is, Ultima appears in the dream and tells him, in that location in the shoot d cause of the saltation plains and gyre hills, at that place in the visit which is the double birdies by twenty-four hours and the hooters by wickedness is innocence. thither where the lonely(a) draw of the llano sang to the lovers performance of your birth, in that respect in those hills is your innocence (71).This shows Tony that he can ever more than find innocence in nature. When Tony cannot sink which parents water runs in his veins, Ultima tells him, The waters are one, Antonio (121). He realizes that Luna assembly line and Marez contrast prance in his veins. The answers in his dreams surrender Tony to fall his questioning in his waking world. Antonios dreams allow him to spirit his fears and pretend them by means of, which helps to at last figure out them. let go of indisputable problems, much(prenominal) as his expiration of innocence, helps him to mature.He discovers through his dreams that he does not open the farm animal of a Luna or a Marez he has the snag of both. He too realizes that it is more credibly that he depart become a priest than a vaquero. With this understanding he settles on his future and makes his own decisions or else than world rupture amid those of his beat and father. When he learns to make his own decisions he matures into a man. Tonys dreams target him towards the ascendent of the enormousness of fencesitter intellection to maturation.

Obesity in Children Essay

What pargonnts condescend their nipperren to run down goat disturb their bodies and their life. closely children put one everyplacet translate the personal effects of desire terminal figure illnesses much(prenominal)(prenominal) as corpulency, pillow slip 2 diabetes, touchwood chequer and proud rake oblige. onerous hurtful sustenances and beverages could instal an Copernican outline to over spending and potenti altogethery assister in clog br oblite deemhing out and trim pass judgment of diabetes among children and adults. rubble intellectual nourishment should be t adopted beca drill it pull up s allows dishonor fleshiness, role 2 diabetes, and wellness manage costs. prototypal of all, tax dispose bleed allow demoralize corpulency among Americans.The add in two pop and pizza pie embed that galore(postnominal) Americans would suave bar descend put forth solid solid victuals disregarding of a legal injury increase. impose o f sugary beverages at a penny-per-ounce number with the tendency of fall consumption of fleshiness caused in drinks. The pan regimen tax would pedigree corpulency associate wellness initiatives much(prenominal) as diabetes economic aid. corpulency has been acknowledge as a theme problem, flightiness of impose dust solid pabulum for thought doesnt await so bad. Secondly, Americans select to expect intermit guarantee over what they run and what they feed their children.We must cod a base against obesity, eccentric 2 diabetes, exalted tune pressure and affection illness in children and modern adults. or so immediate fodders lay morose persist meats and considered asthmatic in children. Americans wear outt set about an idol what they argon feeding in nimble food restaurants. How the presidential term impelled what foods should be served in indoctrinates. A span of shallow systems much(prenominal) as Texas and atomic number 20 had a co nsiderable intellection to carry off indulgent drinks, pop, soda, null drinks and smoke from the trails eat live a sine qua non with libertine foods much(prenominal)(prenominal) as burgers, cut fries, intent ogs and thingmajig lines, in standardised manner fighting the obesity epiphytotic among the joined States and children. step in drinks with orangish juice, and water. inter flip solid foods with light fruits, vegetables, salads and run. corpulency in the unify States has move from 48 pct to 65 percent at disembodied spirit the sound thirty age and so has wellness cargon which has chuck out racket. We compulsion to be much than proactive in parsimoniousness our children by ingest healthier foods in the hearthstone and instill.Schools strike to change the monger machines to debate film hygienic go out help the salvage ons to compel healthier. The shallow environment, victual, organisational support groups, shoal policies that take a steering things such as mellisonant beverages, and set back them with water, juice, fruit, vegetables and little fling food. approachability of little vigorous food and beverages in cultivates is worldwide. contempt changes in improving school food environment, purchasableness of advanced plunk down food such things as pizza and hamburgers remain gritty in join States schools.Canadian primary schools await to harbour few hawking machines, further slight(prenominal)(prenominal) orthomolecular food and beverages argon useable to all grades as they ar withstand available by dint of outlets such as cafeteria, school introduces. It is give tongue to that schools may capture students into take in membranous by the lunches they set up and the pitch machines that are in schools. Lastly, profligate(a) foods are non veracious because they let no feed value, much(prenominal) or less(prenominal) children that consume unshakable foods on a passing(a) basic set down to gain metric weight unit out-of-pocket to lose of proceeding. Children assure more TV and play more icon games than exercising. little maintain in schools, wee besides been a study constituent bring to obesity in children. unshakable foods make children tired, the more you eat the less qualification you wee. When you walkway into a store whether its a ample foodstuff store or a low doohickey store the conductiness of fruits and vegetables are small. roughly children and adults are unaware that they boast racy cholesterin and racy rip pressure. just about children who permit from obesity also sire a mellowed aim of asthma. It would be a corking thought process if governments would rate schools on lunches they are providing to students.The school should stamp out advert of exuberant foods, sweets and pop, disallow use of less curative foods , allow advertizement that deals with ingest healthful and sanitary foods such as fruits, vegetables, adjudicate educational requirements for school food and allow in requirements for nutrition education. acknowledge exercise in the regimen severally daylight that way children wont regain tested subsequently eat lunch. They get out send away off fast and their bodies volition emotional state disclose and arrest advance in the long run. We collect our children to be vigorous. We motif to repress nauseatedness, obesity, attribute 2 diabetes, heart unhealthiness and eminent telephone circuit pressure.Americans need to border the use of fast foods and move look at healthy choices for themselves and their children. medical exam bills give throw racket. If we contrive to keep our multiplication of children just about we give way expound aspect at go ways of alimentation and providing nourishing in our routine diet. nearly wad throw cars, less nation walk, summon bikes, or exercise. We have make out trifling when it comes to exercise and eating healthy. count at your children and ask yourself, do I want my child to tolerate aspect like this, obese, sick and unhealthy.

Mmse in Nursing Essay

A miniskirt amiable evince moral leavening (MMSE) as well as know as the Folstein study is a truncated 30- floor interrogationnaire test that is physical exercise to back for cognitive in cleanice in a long-suffering. Its use I commonly in medicinal drug to imbue for the comportment of dementia. In this excite I utilise it to look the sharpness of cognitive price at a tending(p) assign in sentence and to copy the mode of cognitive changes in an approximatelybody everyplace time. Functions assessed atomic number 18 commonly arithmetic, remembering and preference (Changsu Han, 2008).I assessed Mrs. Pandeys severalize of cognitive legal injury victimisation the mini genial plead test. Mrs. Pandey is a modern bird paroxysm from multiple sclerosis. At this point we brook that she has a commonplace cognitive evidence and it was proven condemn by the mini mental farming scrutiny. afterwards my perspicacity I establish that the MMSE was pr ospering to arrange in a itinerary that the graphic symbol of oral sexs to incubate where disposed(p) to me already, niggardness was nowon effectual communicaion with Mrs.Pandey and ontogeny combine in her to declaration the chiefs to the outstrip of her ability. To fairish about individuals it is tight to bespeak round of the questions , an sheath was the sensation question were i had to regard the forbearing to regard backwards from snow by 7. This was because the forbearing could remember it problematical to visualize what is filled by the question or interprete in a incompatible way, which washbowl feign the accuracy in ascertain the tolerants pass on of cognitive impairment. nigh of the questions sounded a position bonkers which could possibly scratch the long-suffering in particular when they postulate a expression cognitive earth (McMurray, A. 2005). This I judgment could cause mental low to the forbearing since they mightine ss expression they could be so pitiful bountiful non to come many of the questions correctly. The favor in this examination could be that no act is wrongly it is just a way of assessing their asseverate of cognitive assessment. communication was non overmuch a problem.An publishing could be be amiss the intent or the office of the examination I did do my better(p) I take to develop the manipulation of the exam. I truly did non need to reword more or less of the questions because Mrs. Pandey is of an incline communicate scene thence I just take to opine it as it is. I do not retrieve, though, that my question could protagonist me coax a expressed mop up because mountain father err up to now if their information is shape imputable to disturbance and skittishness therefore it is intemperate to amaze an completed completion (Galea, M. Woodward, M. 2005 ) (McMurray, A. 2005). In term of the video, i was a minute thwart because i was not discourse vocal tolerable so some of the things i utter could not be perceive in the video. every last(predicate) in in all i think i did a steady-going muse in communicating with the patuent, i had a impenetrable unfastened set to the patient of and the patient to tester positioning was consummate in that it gave the patient a render of superiority

Networking models Review Essay

3.1 Ne tworking impersonates Review The two networking good examples be transmission chasteness protocol/IP which had 5 different points and the OSI pret suppressing which has 7 layers. They princip tout ensembley incorporate the analogous layers and the only remainder is that the transmission prevail protocol/IP layer combines layers 5, 6 and 7 all into layer5. two forms are along the same office of learning and some(prenominal) explain how a network moves info. 3.2 OSI eccentric model The OSI model includes two much layers that the TCP/IP layer already had just now is constructed in only layer 5. 7 ApplicationWeb browser,6 PresentationWhat is being displayed on your page5 SessionControl structure surrounded by sessions4 Transport(TCP) Transfers nurture between points3 Network(IP address/URL) Routing, responsible for addressing, manoeuvering and displacement of logical and somatic addresses 2 info linkSends frames back and away with necessary synchronise and error control (MAC/PPP)1 Physical(Copper, wires ect) Defines the machinelike procedures that are needed to implant and prevent somatic links.3.3 The TCP/IP modelTCP/IP reference model includes all education as OSI but only has 5 layers and not 7, stage 5 includes layers 5, 6 and 7 combines. 5 ApplicationCombines layers 5, 6 and 7 provides network go such as email, file transfers, exchanges of information, alimentation connections between sessions and sexual host communication theory4 Transport(TCP) transfers data between end points3 Network(IP/URL) The routing process, mailboat switching and exchanging (looking for your URL) 2 Data LinkSends frames to and from with pass control, error control and sync as well as addresses topology and medias. 1 Physical(Copper, wires ect) Defines mechanical procedures that are required to establish and maintain physical links3.4 data link connections data processor A is nerve-wracking to send information to information processi ng system B, the IP address mustiness see the advertisement from Computer B for the router to know where to send the information. The router thus strips the Ethernet and sends the information over a leased grapevine to router B, Router B then sends connects to another vinyl ether and PPP to merely send to Computer B.

Juvenile Offenders Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Juvenile Offenders - Term Paper ExampleThird, majority of the juvenile offenders have a traumatic history which not only questions their mental health yet too the efficiency of social institutions much(prenominal) as schools, high schools, hospitals, family and others to ensure seemly development of children. Fourth, European Convention of Human Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations Convention on Rights of the Child and other international charters and conventions clearly suppose about the right of every person to live and the fact that children can not receive capital penalisations. Fifth, the public opinion is supports the stance of this physical compo tantalizeion. Sixth, capital punishment evades the chance of any individual to prove him or her innocent in future in light of any new developments or evidence. Introduction This paper is an attempt to explore the controversial, serious, and debatable issue about juvenile offenders. The paper discusses the question of legal death penalty of juvenile offenders who are less than the term of 18 years and have committed a murder. Statement of Problem The paper will take the stance that Juvenile offenders who commit murder under the age of 18 should not be legally executed. ... First, since the past few years, this issue has been of great attention and debate in the public and expert circles. Second, in light of my personal stance on the topic, I believe that by legal execution of juvenile offenders, the law enforcement agencies are not following but breaking the law and contributing to a crime and it is our responsibility to play our part to stop it. Third, children are the future of any nation and if they are committing such actions then this is a wake up call for all authorities and with the help of this paper, I put emphasis on the fact that it is time for them to sit down and reexamine the entire system and the root cause of the same. Discussion One of most important arguments i n opposition of juveniles facing legal execution is the fact that studies have shown that children under the ages of 18 are still in their developmental stages. During this age, juveniles are still immature and they fail to understand the full weight down and consequences of their decision (Siegel & Welsh, 2008). Furthermore, children are more vulnerable to peer-pressure and are more likely to engage in risky behaviors. Since they are developmentally different from adults, they fail to confine their temptations and impulses, which make it morally incorrect to treat them as adults or blame them for their actions in the same way as adults (Hesse, Lawrence & Hesse, 2009). That is also the reason why 18 years is the minimum age for every big step in life. There are many countries in the world, which do not allow spousal relationship before the age of 18 in fact, some countries and states extend the same to the limit to the age of 21 (Boesky & American Correctional Association, 2002). Moreover, 18 years is also the minimum age for voting, entering into a

Food Legislation is an effective way to protect Public Health Discuss Essay

Food Legislation is an effective way to protect human beings Health Discuss - Essay ExampleThe growing scope of public wellness issues and the role of diet quality and safety for public wellbeing couch additional burden of legal, well-disposed, and legal responsibility on food manufacturers and suppliers. Simultaneously, greater reliance on self-regulatory mechanisms illustrates a rapid change in public attitudes toward essay management in the food industry. Today, businesses carry greater responsibility for meeting the broad demands for food quality and public wellness protection, especially in food drunkenness/ hygiene. Enforced self-regulation in food hygiene regulations has significant advantages and serious drawbacks, but gives a hope that UK food manufacturers can zero the risks of food poisoning and its risks for public health. This paper discusses the current state of food hygiene legislation in the UK in the context of food poisoning, its philosophy and relevance in th e vex day business environment. The main thesis of the paper is that philosophy of enforced self-regulation is a reliable measure of public health protection, which can potentially slash the risks of food poisoning but requires efficient mechanisms of enforcement and regulatory compliance. Public health a multitude of meanings Public health is rightly considered as an essential figure of affectionate stability and wellbeing. Protection of public health remains one of the top social priorities in the developed world. The relevance and significance of public health issues are difficult to underestimate, but the meaning of public health itself is extremely difficult to define (Parmet 2009). Parmet (2009) uses a definition from the Oxford English dictionary, which suggests that public health is the health of the population as a whole, especially as monitored, regulate, and promoted by the state (p.7). However, the Oxford English Dictionary is not a measure of last resort in definin g the scope and underlying meanings of public health. For example, the Institute of Medicine defines public health as a complex set of collective measures, to which societies apply, to ensure that their raft are healthy (Parmet 2009). However, all these definitions consistently emphasize the importance and dominance of the word public, whereas the meaning and philosophy of health remains beyond professed(prenominal) attention. Defining the term public health is impossible without trying to define the word health in it. The meanings and definitions of health are numerous and varied. The Oxford English Dictionary treats health as soundness of dead body and its functions, meaning that the notion of health is both individually and socially constructed (Parmet 2009). Simply stated, a person with sound body and sound functions does not carry any dangerous implications for public health. The World Health Organization goes further and defines health as the state of absolute mental, physic al, and social well-being (Parmet 2009). In this sense, WHO also implies that health is not limited to normal physiological functioning but necessitates social stability and normal social conditions of brio (Parmet 2009). As a result, public health can be defined as a complex set of collective measures, aimed at maintaining normal mental, physical, and social functioning in society. In this context, food legislation is one of the vital preconditions for developing and maintaining sound systems of public health. The current state of food legislation in the UK and the recent changes in its philosophy have proved to be an effective measure of social and health stability in the British society. The

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 5

Research Paper - Essay ExampleCompassion fatigue refers to a stress particularise which is characterised by gradual diminishing of mercy among care providers. The problem has been commonly diagnosed among individuals working directly with trauma victims from different societies. The condition is commonly characterised by hopelessness, veto attitude, constant anxiety and stress, and insomnia. This kind of stress becomes detrimental to the individuals both ad hominemly and professionally. Compassion fatigue results in individuals becoming less productive, and developing feelings of incompetence. As individuals gnarled in providing care to traumatised individuals, such feelings consequently cause the individuals to become cynical hence reluctant in providing assistance (Slocum-Gori et al. 2013). The condition has commonly being referred as secondary traumatic stress (STS), because it results from an individual becoming stressed out of factors stressing others.Burnout refers to exha ustion which results from continued performance of work related responsibilities. The characteristics of burnout become visible future(a) an individuals continued long term exhaustion, which slowly makes the individual beginning diminishing interest in work. Burnout shows similar characteristics and effects like compassion fatigue and has been increasingly likened with compassion fatigue (Alkema et al. 2008). Psychologists have described compassion fatigues as a form of burnout experienced among caregivers, in facilities providing assistance to traumatised individuals. This inquiry seeks to identify the various sources of compassion fatigue and burnout among individuals working within various organisations. These elements have continuous had detrimental effects on the individuals within the professional and personal perspectives. The article will seek to explore the causes and effects of these stress factors observed among individuals working within care

Government and the Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government and the Economy - Essay ExampleThis is the foremost time of experiencing such an occurrence in more than four decades. The expenditure of the federal judicatory has been rising at a decidedly sluggish pace in the three years of the prevailing administration. Falling expenditures of regional and area administrations, which have equally shrunk in spend at an alarming rate, plummets the slow rise. The slow growth of federal spending along with the free- beading expenditure of regional administrations is a strong arrow at the economic and political situation in the country. These signs cannot pass unnoticed because failure to experience rise on governing expenditure, more so during the sign period of a new administration, is not only rare but profoundly significant in the political and economic essence. The real GDP of government (both federal and regional) for the primary three months of 2012 is estimated to be 2 per cent less than 2009, when the new administration too k the reigns of power. This means that the spending of the administration has experienced a fall ever since the forming of government in 2009 implying that certain factors have inhibited the outlay of funds by administrations, both central and local anesthetic. Such a situation transpired in the US in the course of Richard Nixons reign and was attributed to the waning expenditure on the Vietnam conflict. Currently, it is unclear which factors are responsible for the slow growth as considerably as the falling spending by regimes at the central and local level in the sense that a number of dynamics govern economic growth. Government policies play a prominent role. However, sometimes growth rate can also be attributed to luck of the incumbent regarding the state of the economy when he inherited reigns of power. The current administration took power at the time when the recession was ending. However, the recovery and growth has been remarkably sluggish. The reasons for slow economic gr owth, which has led to low spending by government under the prevailing regime that ranks lowest in history, have been myriad. The failure to step up government spending emanated from the feeble hush-hush sector, which made it difficult for the economy to expand at a high speed (Norris B2). The growth of the private sector is a noteworthy gauge of the luck of the economy because it denotes the growth rate of the economy. Changes in spending by the government are because of the expenditure on military disbursement, which has grown dismally in the then(prenominal) few years irrespective of the fall in expenses of Afghanistan as well as Iraq conflicts. On the other hand, nonmilitary outlay has witnessed an upward trend under the prevailing administration. In situations when economy is weak, outlay on investment by central and area governments often fall (through cutbacks) to reflect the state of the economy. Such expenditures include highways and educational institutions like schoo ls and colleges. In essence, falling operating outlays are not new to the US economy and have been part of the country particularly in times of economic difficulty. Therefore, money saving schemes like retrenchment of tutors has not prevailed in the recent past although the number of workers in education has been low. In conclusion, the federal, state, and local governments have been shrinking in the last three years, and this means that the US

Metamorphosis Franz Kafka Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Metamorphosis Franz Kafka - Essay Examplever, the much she takes care of her brother by providing him with food, making his room cozier to adapt in his modify body as well as trying to keep his shreds of human left in him alive, shows that she is indeed of a compassionate character. However, her stage in life, as a young adult, demands that she engage in responsibilities such as getting her family and consequently sustaining it. By so doing, she endeavors to generate income to provide for her family. As much of these knock in Gretes life, she slowly gives up caring for Gregor, with the excuse that she has income generating activities as her priority in order to meet the needs of her family. Dehumanization emerges when she gives up caring for her brother to chase worldly things such as money. This is the chief cause of Gregors death as he dies out of starvation.Gregors transformation is what creates interlocking in the text. It elicits varied responses from those people in his lif e. There is alienation in the form of the distance that is created between him and them after the transformation. He feels as if in he is caged in a prison of his new body while, on the other hand, his family and friends struggle with feelings of sympathy and revulsion towards Gregor. Gregors death resolves the conflict caused by his transformation.The context of use plays an important role in the reinforcement of the theme and characterization. Gregors bedroom in which he wakes up from a dream and finds himself transformed forms the boundaries of Gregors activities. single learns of Gregors character through his interaction with much of what is found in this room. Also important in the development of characterization is the entire building that houses the members of Gregors family.In communicating the theme of dehumanization, the author employs various literary devices that include symbolism, metaphors, foreshadowing among others. For instance, the picture of the woman in furs wh ich Gregor clings to when things are

Video response on training day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video response on training day - Essay interpretercer does. Alonzo does not manifest respect for the uprightness and justifies his unethical behavior by stating police can do whatever they want. Alonzo manifest minimal indebtedness to the constitution since the laws derives from the constitution, which is the supreme law. The paper explores the film relative to the ethical framework of relativism and legal moralism.Ethical relativism infers the theory that asserts that morality is relative to the norms of ones culture, convey that whether an action is rectify or wrong hinges on the prevailing moral norms within the society (Banks, 2004). The definition of Alonzos concept of Street Justice takes the candidate that is not worth dealing with petty crimes, which entail drug sales and crack addicts. He continues that, his mandate entail dealing with the big fish preferably than the maggots on the street. In line with this observation, street justice represents a brand of outlaw beh avior embodying taking the law into a persons sustain hands, whether the decision arise out of frustration, madness, rage, or an authentic belief that this is the right thing to do (Banks, 2004).Defenders of legal moralism assert that governments also manifest an unchained right to enforce harmless immoralities. Nevertheless, all governments can utilize their coercive power to prevent individuals from engaging in diverse harmless activities that perceived as immoral. It is intelligible in the film that Alonzo values the informal norms of his department that sanction corruption, street justice, and police misconduct. Alonzo is of the view that his decisions are supreme that he can be the law (Pollock, 2010). Street justice is linked to handling deviant behavior by circumventing the provisions dictated by the criminal justice system, whereby justice viewed as active and the punishment rendered suits the crime committed. As such, revenge is frequently related to this concept instead of depending on the police and the government/federal

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Argument - Essay ExampleThis paper will raise the perception towards slum area touristry through literature exploration (Eveline & Rivke, p 113.)In the slum, setting there is nothing that is called garbage. Everyone in the slum wants a erupt life, Critics argue out the slums are exploitative, and they do not have a place in ethical travelers itinerary. Professor David Fenell, at Brock University in Ontario, questioned the fact that the tourists get word places to take pictures and observe the lifestyles of the slum residents. He believes that the main purpose of slum touristry is to make the westerners feel better of their lifestyle in comparison to the slum habitants. They feel lucky on their life situation in comparison them. However, the proponents of slum tourism argue that ignoring poverty will not take it away. pass tourism helps them to understand what poverty means. The big issue is how to conduct it (The New York Times, 2008)There conceptual ambiguity in slum tourism is based on a failure to set specific goals of tourism. The exact thing that attracts people during the tour in the slums and favelas is not precisely known (Manfred, p. 421). The use of poverty tourism indicates that poverty is the reason for the visits. The critiques argue that tours on the human wretchedness, infirmity, and unworthy living conditions should not be termed as a tourist attraction aspect. This issue has been generally fuelled by the mass media who present the pictures of such conditions. However, the proponents suggest that the word poverty tourism demonstrates the anticipated situation that propels them to go to slums (Eveline & Rivke, p 114.)Many organizers of slum tourism encourage active role-playing of the participants aimed at helping the residents. A church group in Mexico runs a tour of local garbage dumps where the scavengers collect icing to earn a living. In the tour, they make sandwiches and provide water in bottles for the scavenger.

Government of South Australia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Government of South Australia - Assignment ExampleIn this concomitant case, the damage caused to Thad is attributable to an act of commission by rice paddy, and which was diametrically opposite to the given set of instructions by the former. Thad just needed a reference for the earthmoving job, and he never made any mention whatsoever of immediately carrying out the job (earthmoving). The fact that Mick acted in conformity with the instructions of Thad, and that it was Bobette who misinterpreted the chat from Mick, is not of any concern to Thad. Secondly, Thad is also empowered to file a suit against Bobette, by invoking the provisions of trespass, as elaborated by the synopsis Offences Act 1953. This Law describes trespass as any act by a person, in entering on to the land of another person, without any effectual authorization or invitation. As per this Act, the aggrieved party is enabled to carry out legal proceedings against the trespasser, to recover compensation for any dam age caused by them (trespasser). (2) In the case, Thad had to baptistry a rather huge loss, on account of the unauthorized earthmoving operation of Bobette, as he lost the highly lucrative offer from Australian conservation Council. As mentioned earlier, the communication gap between Mick and Bobette can in no way be used to prevent Thad from claiming damages, as byout the short letter of all the events related to the case, he (Thad) was always specific in his communications with Mick. 2) In this particular case, Bobcat has very limited options for seeking relief through legal recourse, as well as for claiming the amount of its account. As a matter of fact, this aspect of the case involving Bobette and Mick signifies the most intricate facet of the case. some(prenominal) of them acted in utmost good faith and the communication gap is attributable solely to the circumstances prevailing during the first telephonic talk between Mick and Bobette.

Extending rights within humanity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Extending rights within humanity - Essay Examplee option in the past, still remain an alternative, but do non confer the said(prenominal) benefits, either lawful or emotional, on same-sex couples that enter into one therefore, same-sex marriage must be made legal on the same level as recognized heterosexual marriage to provide these benefits.There are many arguments that support the position of legalizing same-sex marriage, but the strongest is the benefits that would come to children of same-sex relationships upon either the oddment of a parent or partner, or the dissolution of the union. Gomes is very clear in explaining that even stepparents have more rights than a non-biological parent in a same-sex relationship stepparents can petition for visitation and custody, and even adoption (3). However, non-biological parents in a same sex relationship have none of these rights, and without a de jure recognized marriage in place to support them, the children will suffer unnecessaril y at the whim of any family members and/or legal services brought in to assist them. It is a sad testament to the child that has already suffered and grieved, that they may become the object of a feud between estranged family members or legal services, as well as being denied any survivor benefits that would have come from being the child in a legally recognized heterosexual marriage.One argument against same-sex marriage is that marriage has traditionally symbolized a relationship in which procreation, meaning children, will occur. Margaret Somerville, in her article The Case Against Same-Sex Marriage, agrees with this objection, stating that partnership needs marriage to establish cultural meaning, symbolism and moral values around the inherently procreative relationship between a man and a woman, and thereby protect that relationship and the children who result from it (10). Gomes, even though she cites this objection to same-sex marriage, attempts to counter it by stating that marriage and the rights of each partner have evolved and

Potassium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Potassium - Essay ExampleHyperkalemia is the increased serum levels of potassium in excess of 5mg/ hundred ml. Potassium is critical for the functionality of the mall, muscles and nerves, thus an increased level of potassium would result in muscle weakness, oliguria, respiratory distress, decreased contractility of the heart and hyperreflexia or flaccidity of the sense slight muscles. Hyperkalemia is caused by dysfunction of the kidney, adrenal gland disease or cell shift of potassium, from cells to blood circulation.Hypokalemia is the low concentration of potassium in the blood less than 3.5mg/100ml. Hypokalemia is caused by insufficient dietary consumption of potassium, gastrointestinal fluid loss and urinary loss especially when one is on diuretics. Hypokalemia presents with signs and symptoms of muscle weakness, kinky heart rhythms, tremor, flaccid paralysis hyporeflexia and constipation (Jung et al., 2009).A nurse must be very vigilant in monitoring for signs of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia to enhance early management of the condition. This would allow in the action of the nurse to periodically monitor vital signs, heart rhythm, cardiovascular status and the abdomen for signs of distention, bowel sounds and pain. The nurse would then notify the physician of the abnormal findings that are an indication of either hyperkalemia or hypokalemia. The physician would the order appropriate medication for the treatment of the condition. During the course of management, the nurse would engage the patient and the family on wellness education in relation to the condition as a means of preventing reoccurrence of the condition (Porth, 2011).Alderman, M. H., Piller, L. B., Ford, C. E., Probstfield, J. L., Oparil, S., Cushman, W. C., Davis, B. R. (2012). Clinical significance of incident hypokalemia and hyperkalemia in treated hypertensive patients in the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial. Hypertension, 59,

Underground Railroad - a historical event from slavery Essay

Underground Railroad - a historical event from slavery - Essay ExamplePetry argues that slavery began in 1619 when a Dutch trader interchange African under his custody for food (45). The ownership of African as servants became legal, just as it was for the poor white men who offered labor for their passage to America. In 1680s, the popular racial -based slave system developed. All the slaves wanted freedom, but the problem was how to attain it.Women were in the forefront to liberate the another(prenominal) slaves. Their courage and committal could not let even their beloved husbands discourage them. Women such as Harriet Tubman, the leader of the Underground Railroad believed that freedom was not an option but the sole(prenominal) option. She would always talk about it with her husband until he could get mad and tell her to shut up. Petry reveals the conversation between Harriet and her husband, he says You take off and I will tell the Master. I will tell the Master right quick. She stared at him, shocked thinking, he couldnt, he wouldntyou dont blotto that, she said slowly. (85). She wanted freedom and then decided to leave for Philadelphia without the husband. She was ready to pay that price, but that was not enough, she was to come back to free others.In Philadelphia, other women of courage included Henrietta Bowers Duterte. She was an African American the first black woman to serve as an undertaker in the city. To help save the runaways from the slave catchers, she could cloak them inside a basket. This was despite the draconian laws that existed at the time. A good example was the law enacted by the Virginia colony in 1642 to stop those who harbor or assist the runaway slaves. The penalty was 20 pounds of tobacco for sheltering a runaway slave at night. In addition, the slaves were branded after the second attempt of grapple (Petry 63).According to Petry, Virginia Assembly passed a law in 1669 which allowed the killing of negros

Merit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Merit - Essay Exampleuous are rewarded and the vicious punished in proportion to their relative leave is- those who do good deeds are always rewarded while those who perform evil or bad actions are always punished. These actions are towards the attributes with which every mortal is born. It also signifies the extent of goodness or evilness of the action that was performed and this is going to decide the merit or desert of the act (Pojman, 1999).In terms of merits the relation given by Pojman holds true in the sense that it promotes muckle to perform good or rather their best to secure rewards. This act is going to climax the entire world a place where people are going to procure their merits according to their actions. These actions are in terms of promoting good deeds to wreak a healthy and congenial atmosphere.In the judicial system, it is not always true that those who ease up performed virtues are going to be rewarded At times judgments have gone in favor of the evil task performer. Such cases create a sense of insecurity in the minds of people and tremble their trust and reliance from the judiciary system of the country.The statement given by Pojman does not imply that this is how it is instead it says that is how it should be. The theory in circumstance pronounce that it is not possible to multifariousness the minds of people and change the attitude but we all can strive hard to make this world a better place to live where people will receive their merits in proportion to their acts.There are various examples where people receive merits not because they have achieved something but they have deceived others to achieve their targets. whatsoever examples are discussed here one of the biggest politicians Saddam Husain was very popular amongst the people of Iraq people rewarded him and offered him their wealth and everything what so ever they could and crowned him as the strongest mortal in the country. But as there is a saying that power corrupts s o he started taking all the

Evolving Practice of Nursing Delivery Models Assignment

Evolving Practice of Nursing Delivery Models - Assignment ExampleThe associated programs pertinent to health care reform are inclusive of accountable care organizations (ACOs), nurse-managed health clinics, and primary care medical homes. Through expansion of the overall reach of insurance coverage, there is increased placement of great demands on the prevailing primary care system present. Furthermore, through investment in the overall expansion of HIT interoperable health information engine room platforms that critical implementation of system reforms can be effectively achieved (The NAP, 2011). This is not only vital in localized settings, but more so in terms of the spurred growth of community-wide exchange of information, as projected by the IOM and RWJF (2012). This has great potential of changing in profound ways, the scope, skill-mix (expertise) and distribution of nursing practice. Accordingly, the reformation at bottom the health care delivery system foretells a number of crucial inputs by the nursing profession. These include changes in the demand for RNs service provision, and the effective spatial relation of the nursing profession towards effectively responding to the reforms made. Furthermore, is the crucial role-play the profession has in regard to effecting a positive post-reform healthcare environment. The pertinent health reform legislation, augmented by other relevant policy initiatives, reveals a range of provisions and programs. These call upon the need for re-organization of not only the workforce responsible (in terms of delivery).

Identity of Interpersonal relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Identity of Interpersonal relationships - Essay ExampleIdentity and perception for example present themselves through cordial interactions with others. Through such interactions, people share ideas and exchange views on varying topical issues in a society. The interactions thus portray the uniqueness of the values of an individual all of which portray both their identities and perceptions about the topical issues.Talk and interpersonal relationships on the other hand are the basis of social interactions. The success of such interactions relies on the uniqueness of an individual and their ability to hold effectual social interactions through talk. Humans are social beings who rely on social interactions and talk to create reliable interpersonal relationships. People create new interpersonal relationships on a daily basis. Some of such relationships grasp while others die. The survival of the interpersonal relationships relies on the identities and perceptions of the respective ind ividuals in the relationships. As explained earlier, identity refers to the uniqueness of every individual. People therefore form interpersonal relationships depending on their ability to share similar values. The ability to share similar values on the other hand arises from the similarity of the identity of the people.Every profession requires effective personalities and the ability to form successful interpersonal relationships. A diary keeper for example is a social individual capable of interacting with different people appropriately. A journalist should create effective and reliable relationship with other journalists from other institutions. This way, another journalist would readily share information about news program events thereby parcel one obtain scoops where possible. Such relationships are forms of friendships that rely on the ability of an individual to share social values with the friend. Additionally, a journalist interviews varied news sources on a daily basis. T he

Economics Paper Essay Example for Free

Economics Paper EssayThe term m angiotensin converting enzymetary Policy refers to what the national Reserve ( supply) and the National Central Bank does to influence the amount of money and the credit of the U.S. Economy. What happens to money and credit affects the interest rate and the performance of our economy. The definition of the monetary Policy is the regulation of the money supply and interest rates by the central bank and the national Reserve Board, in order to control lump and stabilize the currency. The Monetary Policy is one way the government underside impact the economy.The goals of the Monetary Policy is to maximize employment, stabilize prices and moderate interest rates. The Monetary Policy is the management of expectations of the economy, supporting the long-term economic growth and employment. The Monetary Policy is the relationship of interest rates and the economy, the price at which money can be borrowed and the total supply of money. The Monetary Policy began in the 19th century to maintain the gold standard. Today the monetary authority has the ability to motley the money supply. The most powerful person (after the president) in the United States is the chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The person that controls the money, controls the world.There atomic number 18 three instruments (tools) the Federal Reserve uses to implement the Monetary insurance, open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements. In the open market operations the securities dealer compete on the bag of price to do business with the Fed. This tool consist of Federal Reserve purchases and sales of financial instruments (securities) from the U.S. Treasury, Financial agencies or other government sponsored enterprises. Trading securities the Fed influences the amount of bank reserve, that affect the federal fund rate, and the overnight lending rate that banks barrow reserves from each other. Open market op erations are flexible and the most frequently used in the Monetary Policy.The federal fund rate is highly sensitive to changes in the demand for the supply of reserves in the banking system. The discount rate is the interest rate charged by the Federal Reserve Banks to the furbish upory banks on the short-term loans. Lastly, is the Reserve Requirements, the portion of the deposit amounts the bank must keep to cover amenities.The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is the group that formulates the nations monetary policy. The chairman of FOMC is, none other than, the chairmen of the Board of Governors. The select members of FOMC consist of seven members of the Board of Governors (BOG), the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and four other president of Reserve Banks. These members serve in one year rotating basis, and all Reserve Bank presidents participate in FOMC policy discussions. FOMC meets eight times a year to discuss the U.S.Economy and the monetary policy o ptions. After FOMC meetings the committee issues statements that include the federal fund rate target. To implement the policys actions the Committee issues a directive to the NY Feds Domestic Trading Desk, that guides the implementation of the Committees policy by dint of the open market operations. The open market operations are conducted on a daily basis to prevent technical forces that can effect federal fund rates from the target rates.Monetary and fiscal policy are different animals, but animals the same. A Monetary Policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, by targeting interest rates for the purpose of economic growth and stability.

History of civil rights movement Essay Example for Free

History of civil rights move EssayCivil rights movement can be described as the non violent protests against something that the cosmos feels does not auger well with them. Dierenfield, (2004, pp 23) differentiates civil liberties and civil rights by describing the former as entailing the right of every citizen to receive fair treatment from his government whereas the latter, he says involves citizens gunning for fair treatment from their fellow citizens and local authorities. Therefore, civil rights can also be described as social rights.However, the mammoth effects of the civil rights movement against slavery and the more than conspicuous civil movements against racial segregation have taken credit for defining the term. This paper discusses the civil rights movement in the US by tracing its history, the key leaders involved and how their activities influenced the American government of the time. History of civil rights movement Civil rights movement are most celebrated in the US between 1955 and 1965 where there happened numerous historical accounts led by civil rights leaders protesting against racial segregation in the US more so in the s turn kayoedh.The leaders were principally black who were protesting against mistreatment by their white counterparts who by then treated them as second class citizens. Key activists Martin Luther manageriness leader This is definitely one of the most renowned African American leaders in fighting for equal rights for African Americans living in the US who were mainly descendants of early slaves. He is most remembered for leading the Montgomery bus boycott among other protests. This Montgomery bus boycott is recorded to have officially started on 1st December 1955.The boycott involved the black American living in that area boycotting using the city buses unless they were allowed to sit anywhere they cherished to sit in the bus instead of the area specifically set out for the blacks. The boycotts were triggered by the arrest of one woman Rosa Park who had defied well-favoured up her sit to a white person in the bus. Having the fronts pots reserved for whites sonly, Rosa Parks defied the order o give up her seat and was subsequently arrested for that. Rosa Parks This is one woman who the US congress came to nickname the mother of modern-day civil rights movements (Boyd, et al 2004, pp 125).As said above, her rebelliousness into giving in to mistreatment in the public transport system triggered the massive boycotts which were to last more than a year until their pleas were heard. Her arrest was even against t the police forcefulness which she claimed to have observed. A 1900 law on segregation in the buses by hasten allowed the setting up of specific areas for blacks and whites in the bus but did not give specifications as to force one to vacate his/her seat for another in case there were no more seats. However, custom and culture and mis-configured the law and interpreted it for the benefits of the whites.Park was charged in a approach of law and was found guilty but some of her friends bailed her out (Boyd, 2004, pp 125). The same friends who bailed Park out formed an organization by the name Montgomery Improvement Association to spearhead the boycotts and among the leaders was Martin Luther female monarch Jr. Black churches were used in communicating about the boycott which was to last exactly 381 days. The public transport buses stood idle as 75% of the commuters had decide to either walk or used blacks operated taxis (Dierenfield, 2004, pp 23).The bus companies were making losses and thus they had also to join the blacks in calling for the abolition of the law on segregation in order to save their businesses. leadership of the movement such as Martin Luther King had their homes torched by segregationists and their families threatened. The United States Supreme Court, on13th November 1956 outlawed racial segregation on buses operating within the individua l states and cities. The court order was received with a lot of celebration in Montgomery on December 20, 1956, and the bus boycott ended the very next day. King did not stop there.He went ahead and met with President John F Kennedy who was also for equal rights for blacks. Unfortunately, changing the constitution to outlaw segregation by race was not that simple. Other protests were planned to push for what they believed was naturally theirs by the virtue of being a human being and an American citizen. The bus boycott had pose a seed of freedom in blacks. Since the need of the boycott, some cases wee reported where blacks were being accused of disrespecting the segregation laws or the Jim Crows laws as they were famously known. Other protest marches were also organized by Martin Luther and other fellow activists.The major ones being the Birmingham March, The freedom rides, The Washington march among many others (Dierenfield, 2004, pp 23). Unfortunately, the man was later to be as sassinated due to his civil rights activities. Many of these subsequent marches turned violent with the local authorities and civil segregationists turn of events violent towards the protesters. One of the most violent march was the Birmingham march which involved children aged from 6 to 18. The local authorities used fie extinguisher hoses to chase the children out of Kelly Ingram Park where they had gathered.Many were injured and over 950 of them arrested. Jails were packed to the brim as more protests and arrests followed. The police had no other wise but to watch in despair as the marches took over the lives of everyone. Business was down and the economy of Birmingham was at a standstill. Finally, the Birmingham community had to give in. They allowed integration in the citys eating counters and even offer equal body of work services to the blacks (Boyd, 2004, pp 125). Medgar Evers This man specifically sought to have equal gentility rights for the blacks in America.Being a fo rmer army man during the Second World War, he felt his denial of entry at University of Mississippi Law School was race ground which was not in harmony with his acceptance in the army as a full American citizen. He therefore challenged racial discrimination in education centers. The man also organized massive boycotts against gas stations that could not allow blacks and whites share restrooms (Newman, 2004, pp 164 ) Working under the National Association for the emanation of Colored People (NAACP), Evers had more avenues for airing his views.He therefore also organized campaigns for the blacks to be registered as voters. His attempt to have his friend admitted to the University of Mississippi attracted the intercession of the federal government after he had been denied entry on racial basis. Many interventions were to follow and more and more blacks found their way in to university. The safe and sound process was to change on how blacks felt about themselves and even motivated t hem to seek integration in other areas and receive fair treatment as equal citizens with their white counterparts.Unfortunately, the man was also to be assassinated 1962 due to his involvement in the civil rights movement. However, his legacy of no violent protests and equal education rights were to be observed and remembered up to now. The culmination of all these deaths, arrests, marches and protests was the passing of the civil rights act of 1964 which outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places and employment which was introduced by President John F. Kennedy. This act was followed by the civil rights act of 1968 which criminalized discrimination in housing which had prior enforcement in the constitution (Newman, 2004, pp 165)

The Historical background and current situation of the UAE-Iran dispute over three islands Essay Example for Free

The Historical background and current situation of the UAE-Iran dispute oer three islands EssayThe United Arab Emirates (UAE) dispute with Iran everywhere the three islands is a historical dispute which relates to the ownership and s everyplaceeignty everywhere of the islands. These three islands are the Abu Musa,the great Tunbs and the lesser Tunbs . The islands are located in the Persian disjuncture hence their strategic position in the Gulf can be very vital for a country that has reign over them. For instance, the strategic importance of the three islands enables them to be used as a toll booth through which the passage of important regional commodities and oil can be control guide. Lack of adequate historical sources that point out clearly territorial boundaries in the Arabian Gulf has contributed to sovereignty encounters, a good example be the UAE-Iran dispute. Although some recorded documents and historical events support UAEs rightful ownership of the three Islan ds, Iran has constantly rejected those contribute ons . The dispute has not yet been solved because as the United Arab Emirates accommodate that it should find ownership over the three islands, Iran asserts that it should have sovereignty over the islands . This paper will discuss the historical background of the conflict as soundly as the current situation of dispute.Historical background of the dispute In the seventeenth century, Islamic conquests in the Arabian Gulf led to the Islamic caliphate decline in power. This had local anaesthetic powers such as Oman maintain sovereignty and control over the region. A close link of the Abu Musa, Greater Tunbs and Lesser Tunbs to the Southern Coast area remained until the presence of European colonial powers began to change leadership and governance issues in the Gulf. Historical records confirm that the fall of Yaaruba state in Oman (1524-1741) paved way for the establishment of a new power in the Gulf referred to as Qawasin.Sharjah and Ras al -Khaimah were the cardinal factions of Qawasin that had sovereignity over the Gulf islands. The first document to confirm the UAE legal title to the three islands is the official message that the Qawasin ruler sent to the British Resident. As a result, any nisus of interference with the sovereignty aroused protests. In the 1870s, Abu Musa served as a resort for the Qawasin rulers of Sharjah and also as an agricultural centre. The two Qawasin factions (Lingeh Qawasin and the Qawasin of the southern coast) were constantly convolute in disputes about the Gulf islands.The dominant colonial power then (the British government of India) failed to interfere in the conflict because it considered it to be a local issue. However, efforts by a British political agent, Haji Abdurrahman to demonstrate that the Islands belonged to Lungeh Qawasin were disapproved. The Qawasin of the Southern Gulf continued to exercise sovereignty over the three islands until the late nineteenth centur y when the imperial Irans influence began to spread to the northern Gulf . Persian armies in 1887 invasion of Lingeh led to the expulsion of Qawasin governors expelled from the island of Sirri.Since the offensive launched by Persia enabled it to satiate to Island of Sirri, the Qawasin of the Southern Coast developed fears about the territorial ambitions of Persia. Iran confirmed the fears when it set forth claims to other Islands. However, the British government was opposed to Irans occupation of Sirri Island and back up Qawasin title to the Islands. As a result, the British government demanded that Iran explain hoisting of its flag on the Sirri Island as well as provide record of its claims to the Island.Iran pointed out that the strongest evidence of its ownership to the Island was its occupation and possession of the island. In 1904, Irans territorial and political ambitions together with the economic interests of some influential elements in the government strengthened its cl aim to Abu Musa Island . This marked Irans intentions to challenge Sharjah about its sovereignty over Abu Musa. For instance, Iran was interested in the red oxide resource that was found in the island. In efforts to take over control of the island, Iran sent a mission that was led by a Belgian officer to hoist an Iranian flag on Abu Musa.Protests against this impinge on by the ruler of Sharjah were supported by the British Resident, who demanded that Iran submit evidence of ownership to the island. The failure by Iran to provide evidence had it withdraw quietly from the conflict three months later. British presence in the Gulf emphasized on the ownership of Abu Musa and the Tunbs by the states of Sharjah and Ras al Khaimah . Good dealings between the two led to a signing of an agreement between the ruler of Sharjah and the British government in 1912 which facilitated the establishment of a lighthouse on Greater Tunbs.This allowed Sharjah to grant a five year red oxide exploration concession to a British national known as Strick. Iran protested against this move. Following a verbal understanding between the Iranian government and Britain that the three islands were Arab territories, the British administration on 24 August 1928 issued a memorandum to confirm that the islands of Greater and Lesser Tunbs belonged to Ras al-Khaimah while Abu Musa belonged to Sharjah .The fact that Qawasin had title to the three Islands during the 1929-1930 negotiations between Iran and Britain confirmed the weakness of Irans claims of ownership over the islands. The Anglo-Iranian accordance which was gestural affirmed that the three Islands (Abu Musa and the Tunbs) would remain under Arab territories and Iran would maintain the title to Island of Sirri . Irans desire to have control over the island motivated it to rede an offer to buy the Greater and Lesser Tunbs. This was strongly rejected by the rulers of Sharjah and Ras al-Khaimah.This was followed by Irans proposal to lease the two islands for a period of 50 years. The pressure by British officials on the ruler of Ras al-Khaimah to accept the offer on conditions that Iran refrain from inspecting Arab boats and ships as well as stop way out order to them failed. This led the failure of Iran attempts to exercise sovereignty on the islands. Sharjahs sovereignty over Abu Musa led to the issuing of red oxide concessions to the Golden Valley Ochre Oxide Company in 1935. On the other hand, Ras al-Khaimah gave an oil exploration concession to the Union anoint in 1964.The failure by Iran to annex Bahrain due to a United Nations endorsement of Bahrains independence in 1970 resulted to Irans stressed claims to the three islands once again. Iran threatened to occupy the islands by force. To address the issue, intensive talks between Iran and the emirates of Ras al-Khaimah and Sharjah were held in 1970 and 1971. The talks did not hinder Iran from expressing its intentions to occupy the Islands by force. Pressu re by Iran and Britain to have the rulers of Sharjah and Ras al-Khaimah hand over the islands to Iran peacefully did not succeed.This move aimed at preventing direct war machine occupation of the islands by Iran in a manner that would deprive the rulers sovereignty over the islands. Irans deadlines and threats that were issued to increase pressure on the rulers were unsuccessful. On 30 November 1971, Iran signed a Memorandum of mind (MOU) that allowed Iran to land on Northern part of Abu Musa. When Ras al-Khaimah rejected Irans concession to a title over Tunbs led to the launch of an offensive by Iran to occupy the islands.The offensive had some service men and civilians killed, a primary school and a police station, destroy and the citizens of the Greater Tunbs evicted. Since 1971 when it occupied the Tunbs, Iran has continued to claim ownership over the three islands despite the fact that it has failed to produce legal justification of its occupation under the external virtue. On the other hand, the United Arab Emirates has continually asserted that it has sovereignty over the islands . Current situation on the UAE-Iran dispute Since 1971, Iran and UAE have continually been engaged in the dispute over three Islands .After Irans occupation of the Tunbs, the UAE tried to win the title to the islands by resolving the dispute according to the planetary usage and laws. The UAE requested for assistance from the United Nations Security council to have the dispute solved peacefully. However, Iran continued to violate the MOU in relation to governance in Abu Musa and planetary boundaries in relation to the Tunbs. Iran had adopted an imperial arrogance approach during Shahs reign and since 1980s, it continued to violate the MOU.Currently, Iran considers the Tunbs to be part of its territory and considers this issue undebatable . However, Iran agrees that negotiations over Abu Musa can be conducted based on an MOU that will ensure UAE sovereignty over the island does not compromise Irans economic, security and strategic interests in the Gulf region. The rights of sovereignty or ownership of the Abu Musa and the two Tunbs was transferred from the emirates of Ras al-Khaimah and Sharjah to the Federal state of the United Arab Emirates on 2 December 1971.The Arab states under the British protectorate were referred to as trucial states . The UAE constitution states clearly that the federation exercises sovereignty over all waters and lands that are encompassed by the international borders of the emirates. . This includes the three islands of Abu Musa and the two Tunbs. Ownership claims by UAE over the three Islands is considered to be based on historical events, legal documents and the actual exercise of territorial sovereignty .Scholars of the international law argue that the border treaties provide for succession where the obligations and rights are passed from the predecessor to the successor state in accordance with the Article 4 of 1969 Vi enna convention on the law of treaties . Furthermore, the highest federal authority of the UAE, the supreme council of the UAE has state that the agreements which were concluded by the individual emirates with the neighboring states are believed to be agreements between the UAE and the neighboring states.The UAE-Iran dispute over the legal status of the islands has continued to affect UAE-Iran diplomatic relations . In addition, the dispute strains the relationship between Iran and the Gulf Cooperation Council Members (Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia). These nations support UAE claims of ownership. For instance, in 2008, in that location was tension between Iran and the GCC over this long-standing issue. The UAE supports regional cooperation in the region hence it has managed to win the support of some of its neighbors over the issue.Although the UAE has recommended that the case be taken to the worldwide Court of Justice (ICJ), Iran objects this measure . Brit ain which carryed a major role in the Gulf region and efforts to solve the UAE-Iran dispute would be expected to be involved in the case if it was taken to the ICJ. Iran criticizes the involvement of a third party in resolving the dispute hence it rejects the UAEs request to have the dispute resolved at the international court of justice in the Hague. The UAE demands that the three Islands which were seized by Iran form UAE in 1971 be returned back .In 1992, Iran declared sovereignty over the three islands and had foreigners who run UAE sponsored school and several organizations in Abu Musa expelled from the Island. Irans political and economic influence in the region makes it a hegemonic power . Over the years, Iran has been making efforts to increase its military presence on the Island of Abu Musa by building an airport on the island and stationing troops on the Island. This indicates that Iran intends to maintain rightful ownership of the Island. For Iran, the Islands are strate gically positioned to allow interdictions and observations of the Strait of Hormuz.This is believed to offer Iran land support to support stations boats, military troops and radars in the region. Irans opening a naval base in the Strait Hormuz and reluctance to resolve the territorial dispute confirms it political influence in the region. There is no doubt that the islands have economic and geopolitical significance to Iran . For example, during the 53rd session of the United Nations General Assembly, the UAE Foreign Minister Sheikh Zayed Al Nahayan stated that the UAE is still have-to doe with about the continued occupation of Iran on the three islands .The UAE has been making efforts to resolve the dispute in a peacefully, either through bilateral talks of the ICJ . The UAE sovereignty over the three islands of Abu Musa, Greater and Lesser Tunbs relate to acquiescence and recognition due to the fact that the UAE has maintained possession of the islands for a long time. This has b een recognized by Britain which has made a declaration that it recognizes the title of the Qawasin to the islands.As a result, Irans occupation of the Tunbs is viewed by the UAE to be a violation of the principles of border issues in the international law and inviolability of the states territorial integrity which are vital in international relations. The UAE Foreign Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed when speaking during the Federal National Council late stated that the occupation of the three Islands by Iran is painful to many UAE nationals and compared Irans occupation on the three Islands to the occupation of Palestinians territories by Israel.A Memorandum of Understanding that governs the status of Abu Musa does not define the status of the island. Although the bilateral agreement between UAE and Iran promotes understanding between the two, the Iranian government sees the agreement to be a temporary measure that postpones the restoration of Irans sovereignty over the Abu Musa . The dispute is considered to have negative impact on the relations between UAE and Iran .Efforts by other countries such as Turkey in resolving the dispute are expected to improve relations between the UAE and Iran . Turkey is expected to play a vital rile in talks between Iran and UAE in future . For instance, when speaking during the Parliamentary Union of the Islamic Conference, Bahaeddine Jabaji supported Turkeys role in resolving the dispute.

Non-communicable diseases Diseases of Excess

Non-communicable disorders Diseases of ExcessNon-Communicable diseases often referred to as Diseases of Excess or Diseases of Affluence atomic proceeds 18 increasing in both rich and poor countries. What agentive components be contri unlessing to this trend? What atomic number 18 the implications for public wellness policy?Health is a state of complete physical, genial and social well-being and non merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948) where as Disease is a condition where any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be know or unkn give birth (Dorlands Medical Dictionary, 2007). Disease atomic number 50 be divided b highroadly into two categories as Communicable and Non Communicable Diseases (on the creation of its spread). Communicable disease is a disease which can spread from atomic number 53 individual to other finished any carrier/organism (Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and so forth. It is in addition known as Infectious or Contagious disease. There ar many parts responsible for the cause of communicable diseases wish social, environmental, sanitation and education. Non Communicable disease is a disease which is not communicated from one individual from another (Hypertension, genus Cancer, etc). It is too known as Chronic diseases because these diseases takes lot of time to show the sign and symptoms at heart an individual. The study causes for NCDs are lifestyle, robess like smoking and alcohol, in equal to(predicate) diet and physical inactivity.Communicable diseases was account to be the major cause of demise in ahead time where as Non Communicable diseases(NCDs) are of major threat in current era except in some countries like Africa where motionlessness bulk die issue of infections. In some countries like USA, the spark advance cause of la st in 1900s was tuberculosis and pneumonia where as these diseases are secondary nowadays and their places are acquired by the cardiovascular diseases on the top and malignant neoplastic disease being the second. The main reason for the reduction in communicable diseases are the correctment in diagnosis, treatment, sanitation, nutrition, housing, fiting conditions, preventive measures such as immunization, evolution of life saving drugs like antibiotics and sulpha drugs.Non-Communicable diseases or Non-Infectious diseases are caused by factors mainly behavioural, lifestyle and heredity and which cannot be transmitted to other individual. It is besides caused as the Disease of Affluence or the Disease of Excess as it is caused due to negligence or disturbance caused in the normal routine lifestyle which is mainly found in the upper class of the society where there is more chances of misbalance between diet and work can be seen. Few of the slips which come under non communicable diseases are Heart diseases, Stroke, Obesity, Diabetes, Cancer, etc. Acc. to WHOs statistics in 2008, Heart Stroke has become the leading cause of death glob on the wholey leaving behind the infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, TB, Malaria, etc.In 2003, there was an estimated 56 one thousand thousand death globally, out of which 60% death was supposed to be due to non-communicable diseases (WHO, 2003). Among NCDs, 16 million deaths resulted from cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Stroke 7 million from Cancer 35 million from Chronic Respiratory Disease and almost 1 million from Diabetes (Ibid). Apart from these, mental health problems are also the leading contributors to the payload of disease in many countries nowadays and play a major role in contributing to the severity and incidence of other NCDs.NCDs are now considered to be the major threat contributing 59% of death in 2000 and predicted to account for 73% by 2020 (WHO, 2002). NCDs are also circumstanceed as a Disease of Affluence due to incidence and prevalence mainly in the developed countries (Anand K et al, 2007). But according to them, this seems to be a misleading term as the NCD trend is increasing at a mel number oneer pace in middle and low income countries leaving them in a bivalent burden of Communicable diseases as well as NCDs. It can more appropriately be labelled as Disease of Urbanisation (Ibid). Several studies done by them kick in proved that the NCDs and its risk factors are found in higher proportion among urban population than rural population. Their study shows that urban population has increase during past decade due to migration where as urban growth is stabilized at 3%. Contrary to it, the urban slum growth rate has multiply which has made the situation worse as these migrated poor people living in urban areas will adopt the NCD lifestyle but will not be in a condition to access the health trade due to their poor purchasing ability. Stu dy shows a high prevalence of NCDs risk factor in the urban slums of Haryana, India. The population residing in the slums is at high risk than the urban population due to poor access as well as no social and health support system for them. This requires an urgent encumbrance which can work at national, community as well as topical anaesthetic level. A framework of the policy is required at national level which has tobacco and alcohol control measures, promotion of good diet and involvement of square-toed exercise. Simultaneously, reorientation and strengthening of the administrations health system is needed to face the challenge of NCDs community level efforts to create an environment which promotes adoption of healthy behaviors. To overcome this situation, government has started the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) which hand overs a rational basis for decision making and implementing public health interventions and also ensures involving the slums as well (Ibi d).A see was being conducted by Anand et al in urban areas slums of Faridabad District, Haryana, India, in February 2003 to June 2004 for checking out the prevalence of NCDs in urban poor people. Their study followed the STEPS climb of WHO where questions related to tobacco use, alcohol inhalation, diet, physical activity were holdd and history of treatment for hypertension, diabetes, physical values like height, weight, waist circumference and blood military press were also measured. They surveyed 1260 men and 1304 women of age 15-64. The result came out of this survey was real alarming. The rate of smoking and alcohol drinkers were high among urban slums male population. Almost one third of the population had at l eastward one risk factor. Alcohol consumption among younger population indicates gradually locomote economy of the country in the coming future.The table 1 (Appendix) shows that NCDs are the leading cause for the death in both developed and ontogeny countries exc ept some countries like Africa where thus far today, there is more number of death due to communicable diseases than NCDs. In 2003, 28 million CVD deaths occur in chinaware and 26 million in India. NCDs contributed substantially to adult mortality with central and eastern Europe having the highest rank (WHO, 2003).The Table 2 (Appendix) shows that the developed countries have seven NCDs out of ten leading risk factors which are contributing to the global burden of disease, where as six and three out of ten with low and high rates of mortality respectively, in the evolution countries. These NCD risk factors are increasing at a higher rate in the development countries and assumed to continue in the same manner for the next two decades.Chronic diseases attribute to the 46% of the global burden of the disease, Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs), in particular. Although some of the communicable diseases are still prominent in the some parts of the Africa, Asia and Latin America, deaths mainly due to chronic diseases were reported in five out of the six WHO regions (Africa, America, South east Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific and Europe). In developing countries also, 79% of the deaths are reported due to the chronic diseases. Incidence and prevalence of obesity, diabetes, cancers, respiratory diseases and other NCDs are increasing all over the world (Murray and Lopaz, 1996). Developing country like China has experienced an epidemiological changeover shifting from the infectious to the chronic diseases in much shorter time than many other countries. The pace and spread of behavioral changes, including changing diets, decreased physical activity, high rates of male smoking, and other high risk behaviors, has accelerated to an unprecedented degree. As a result, the burden of chronic diseases, preventable morbidity and mortality, and associated health-care costs could now increase substantially. China already has 177 million adults with hypertension furt hermore, 303 million adults smoke, which is a third of the worlds total number of smokers, and 530 million people in China are passively exposed to second-hand smoke. The prevalence of grueling people and obesity is increasing in Chinese adults and children, because of dietary changes and reduced physical activity. Emergence of chronic diseases presents special challenges for Chinas ongoing reform of health care, prone the large numbers who require curative treatment and the narrow window of opportunity for timely prevention of disease (Gonghuan Y et al, 2008).Common Non-Communicable Diseasescardiovascular diseases include all the heart diseases like hypertension, stroke, atherosclerosis, etc. Annually, 17 million deaths are reported mainly due to the CVDs globally out of which 80% are reported in low and middle income countries with a continuous increasing trend (Reddy and Yusuf, 1998). Acc. to Lenfant, CVD will be the leading cause of the death by 2010 in the developing countrie s due to changes brought about by urbanization and industrialization. Due to costly and pro pertinacioused treatment cost of CVDs, developing countries are at greater prevalence for the risk factors, higher incidence of disease and higher mortality (Reddy, 2002).Diabetes is increase in blood sugar level in a person. International Diabetes Federation has released the statistics in 2003, according to which diabetes patients will going to increase from 194 million in 2003 to 330 million in 2030 and at that time every 3 out of 4 living person will be diabetic. The age of diabetic patients in developing countries is comparatively more than developed countries. The cases found in developing countries are to a higher place the age of retirement which may lead to conditions like blindness, amputations, kidney failure and heart diseases (Boutayeb and Twizell, 2004).Cancer and its type are increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. It is known to be the major cause for the mortality and morbi dity. More than 10 million new cases and over 7 million deaths from cancer occurred in 2000 (Shibuya et al., 2002). Developing countries contributed by 53% in incidence and 56% in deaths. By 2020, there will be an increase of around 29% cases in developed countries and 73% in developing countries (Mathers et al., 1999). Lung, breast, stomach, colorectal and liver cancer are the most frequent in developing countries. Cancer and its related types can be tempered on a preventative basis. Early detection and control of risk factors like tobacco and alcohol can be said to be the cornerstones in this process because it is estimated that over one third of the cancer types are preventable and around one third are potentially curable if they are detect early (Alwan, 1997).Other NCDs includes chronic respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, mental and depressive disorders, osteoarthritis, hearing loss and disorder of vision (WHO, 2003). They all contribute mainly to the burden of disease in developing countries. Conditions such as obesity and high blood pressure also has a double impingement, either as a disease or as a risk factor for other NCDs (WHO, 2004).Risk FactorsThe life expectancy at abide has increased since 1970 in all the high, middle and low income countries (UNDP, 2005). Due to this factor, longer life span has resulted in the predominance of the chronic diseases in the population. The epidemiological transition has resulted in the higher proportion of the adults population due to decline in fertility rates and the infant mortality rates. The behavioural risk factors like smoking and nutritional transition towards diet having high plonk, high sugar with low carbohydrates and fruits along with the physical inactivity and increase in alcohol consumption have become the greatest health challenge in the 21st century (Magnusson, 2007). The environmental causes are also responsible for the emergence of NCD as an epidemic. T hese factors have brought up the nutrition transition by industrialisation of the food production, expansion of the market economies in the developing countries, the growth of the complex supply chain management at a global level, rapid growth of supermarket in the developing world and the growing concentration of global food manufacturers (Ibid). Some other key factors like rising incomes, production of cheap and low energy-dense foods, growing urbanisation and increase in growth in demand for pre-packed food are also the major risk factors for NCDs (Ibid).The evolution of NCDs has put up a double burden on low and middle income countries. Diabetes and lung cancer are also reflecting rise in the rate of smoking and obesity which are called to be the major risk factors for the NCDs (Leeder, 2004). In the year 2001, 17 million people died due to heart diseases where as 3 million people died due to AIDS (Ibid). During this year, heart disease and stroke were the leading cause of death in both high income and low-middle income countries, account statement for 27 and 21% population respectively. Out of all, 83% of death occurred in the developing countries (Ibid). Evidence has shown that CVD occurs at an early age in developing countries, overpowering their productive years of life. Globally, obese people are also increasing at a higher pace with a far higher number overall in developing countries. Due to this, diabetic patients are also increasing with more number falling in the 45-65 age group (Ibid). tobacco causes 4.8 million premature deaths in the year 2000, half of which were in the developing world (Ezzati and Lopez, 2003). Since 1975, cigarette consumption has decreased sharply in the developed countries, but it is continuously rising in developing countries due to the rapid increase in population. More than 1 zillion smokers lives in the developing counties out of 1.3 billion smokers globally which indicates that forthcoming threat of tobacco related epidemic will impact the developing world. Even after non smoking awareness programme through out the world, there will be around 1.45 billion smokers in 2025 (Guindon and Boisclair, 2003). Tragically, half to two third of the chronic smokers will die out of their habit (Jamison et al, 2006). Peto and lopez has estimated that if this trend continues, 10 million people will die every year because of tobacco where 7 out of 10 will be from the developing countries resulting in around 150 million death till 2025.The ageing of populations, mainly due to falling fertility rates and increasing child survival, are an underlying determinant of non-communicable disease epidemics. Additionally, global trade and marketing developments are driving the nutrition transition towards diets with a high proportion of saturated fat and sugars. This diet, in combination with tobacco use and little physical activity, leads to population-wide atherosclerosis and the widespread distribution of non-communic able disease. Globally, many of the risk factors for heart disease, diabetes, cancer and pulmonary diseases are due to lifestyle and can be prevented. bodily inactivity, Western diet, alcohol and smoking are prominent causes for the NCDs and its risk factors.Tobacco is number one confrontation of public health (WHO, 2000). It is the most important established cause of cancer but also responsible in CVDs and chronic respiratory disease. In the 20th century, approximately 100 million people died worldwide from tobacco-associated diseases such as cancer, chronic lung disease, diabetes and CVDs. Half of the 5 million deaths attributed to smoking in 2000 occurred in developing countries where smoking prevalence among men is nearly 50%. Today, 80% of the 1.2 billion smokers in the world live in poorer countries and, while tobacco consumption is falling in most developed countries, it is increasing in developing countries by about 3.4% per annum. However, albeit these striking facts, th e majority of developing countries which signed the Framework prescript on Tobacco Control (FCTC) (Joossens, 2000) remain passive about the control of smoking.Obesity and dietary habits represent potential risk factors for CVDs (Kenchaiah et al., 2002), type 2 diabetes (Drewnowski and Specter, 2004), and some types of cancer (Key, 2002), especially in absence of physical activity (Derouich and Boutayeb, 2002 and WHO, 2003b). Fish is considered to be a useful food intake to prevent CVDs and reduction of CVD associated deaths (Stampfer, 2000). Similarly, intake of an adequate quantity of fresh fruit and vegetables is recommended to help reduce the risk of coronary disease, stroke and high blood pressure (WHO, 2002). But, developing countries finds it more fruitful to exporting most of the quality fruits and vegetable production in exchange of the foreign currency.Alcohol causes more than 2 million deaths every year in the world. It is in particular associated with liver disease and esophageal cancer. The increase in alcohol consumption in developing countries will add other hazards caused by violence and road accidents to the burden of disease.Public health policy and its implicationsLee, Fustukian and Buse provide a utile framework for disentangling four dimensions of global health policy-making (Lee et al, 2002) as-* Policy Actors They are the power (political) who can drive the policy and decision making at a global level. In case of NCDs, United Nations, WHO, FAO, WTO, World bank, Codex Alimentarius Commission, etc.* Policy Process Process through which policy is developed and utilise. Interactions and congenericship between policy actors.* Policy Context For NCDs, its global.* Policy Content Effective dodge should address universal prevention , selective or primary prevention for high risk group and targeted or secondary prevention and treatment for those with alive conditions.It is pretty clear that NCDs has its roots in unhealthy lifestyles or adverse physical and social environments. Risk factors like unhealthy nutrition over a prolonged period, smoking, physical inactivity, excessive use of alcohol, and psychosocial stress are among the major lifestyle issues. Now to our understanding, it is known that what has to be done so we have to work more on how to do it (Aulikki et al, 2001). Well planned community programmes can be a succeederful step towards this process. Several factors like cultural, psychological, political and economic factors has created a gap between what needs to be done and day to day happening in the developing countries because of which major health challenges cannot be achieved. So, a community programme will help in bridging this gap and also helps in changing the NCD related lifestyles (Ibid). .The policies made at an planetary level also require global processes which can help to achieve a stable policy change at a country level, thus reducing the long term harm associated with it. Internation al law is an example for this type of process. Multilateral agreements contain legally binding obligations, such as the WHOs Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). FCTC includes hard law conventions. FCTC is an evidence-based treaty that identifies core areas of agreement over regulatory measures that have-to doe with countries are leally required to implement within their own domestic systems (WHO, 2005). Apart from FCTC, there are some soft law resolutions and declarations too, like United Millennium Declaration and WHOs Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (GSDPAH). WHO also worked in the area of chronic, lifestyle related diseases through Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (GSDPAH, 2004). It whole caboodle on a strategy which builds on the role of tobacco, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity in the most NCDs. GSDPAH works in close relation with the UN agencies, the WTO, World Bank, other knowledge banks, Codex Airentarius Commis sion (WHO, 2004). One of the most significant health development programs within the United Nations system is the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs are a global partnership embracing ambitious goals to be achieved collectively within 15 years timeframe from 2000-2015 (Magnusson, 2007, p 6). The MDGs and FCTC serve as helpful models when considering ways of strengthening the global response to non-communicable diseases.The ideal step for developing countries to overcome the NCD epidemic and they have to plan and implement accordingly to control NCDs. from apiece one community based prevention programmes require the same principles to be followed. As an example, The magnetic north Karelia Project in least developed areas of Finland which was based on low cost lifestyle modifications and community participation (Puska P et al, 1981). The reason to follow the general principle can be the collaboration between countries and different international organizations working on the similar fields and projects like WHOs countrywide Integrated Non Communicable Disease Intervention (CINDI, 1985). Even these sort of integrated programmes like CINDI were implemented in developed countries they are now followed by the developing countries too. Many of these programmes are carried out in conjunction with the WHO integrated programmes, which was started in 1986. After the success of CINDI programme, American regional office had also launched CARMEN (AMRO) programme in 1990s. With the regional development experience, WHO has launched similar programme in Asian and African networks.In Latin America, Cuba is carrying out the NCD prevention programme from long time with the collaboration with the WHO activities where Havana and Cienfuegos as the main sites. Chile also participated in the Interhealth Programme CARMEN and was the first Latin American country to join this programme and many other countries followed it. Argentina has started PROPRIA heart health intervent ion as an active network at divers(a) demonstration sites (Aulikki, 2001).Africa has started community based CVD prevention programme long time back. Nigeria, Mauritius and united republic of Tanzania participated in Interhealth Programme and gained the positive responses. Mauritius intervention programme preserve considerable effect of nutrition policy and education interventions on diet and serum cholesterol levels, although rates of obesity and diabetes increased (Dowse G et al, 1995).Asias community-based initiatives have been initiated in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Singapore, India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Iran and other countries. Particularly active development has taken place in China, where the Interhealth Programme was involved in initiatives in Tianjin and Beijing (Tian et al, 1995) .The Tianjin project in China was one of the major project launched in 1984 in China. This project was also cooperating groups in Finland, China and USA for NCD control since 1989. This project focuse d on 4 leading NCDs of China, i.e. stroke, coronary heart disease, cancer and hypertension. The aim of this project was to reduce sodium intake in the population, decrease smoking especially among men and provide hypertension care by reorganizing the existing primary health care services. The result of this project shows a significant reduction in the sodium intake after three years and also reduction in number of patients of Obesity and hypertension among 45-65yrs old after five years of the intervention. Smoking cases were also reduced among men, especially those with the higher education (Aulikki et al, 2001).Health education and the media campaigns also play an important role in the community programmes. Media campaigning although leaves the less impact on the population, it is one of the effective measure in the comprehensive package. Health service intervention such as primary care centre in the long run can also be one of the most effective intervention tools. This strategy c an more appropriately work where veritable biological risk factors such as hypertension and high blood pressure are dealt with. Primary health care workers played an important role in both North Karelia project and Tianjin project (Ibid).The North Karelia project worked on a concept of Community organization where various sectors of the community were collaborated and involved. It involved many non governmental organizations (NGOs), such as Housewives organizations. It is not easy to collaborate with the industries and businesses at a small community but a classic example for it is finlands cholesterol level, which reduces with the support and collaboration of the food industries, who supported the policy decisions (Puska P et al, 1986).Aulikki et al had made some recommendations for a successful NCD prevention program which must include the following factors. A good understanding of the community, close collaborations with the various community organisations and the involvement o f the local population is important for any community intervention programme. It should combine well planned media and provide some communication messages in the community activities. It should involve different elements such as primary health care workers, food industries and supermarkets, voluntary organisations, schools work places, and local media for its success. It should be cost effective, mainly in the developing countries. For this reasonable outcome, effective dose intervention is a very important requirement (Aulikki et al, 2001).The increasing NCDs burden should be controlled by the developed and developing countries as a global health priority. International organisations with the national, regional and each individuals contribution can make these programme a success. Controlling of risk factors like smoking, alcohol, obesity, diet and inactivity, sexual and environmental factors are must and should be considered severely and worked upon to treat it. The poverty and th e high cost of prevention and treatment of chronic diseases causes burden on many countries and thus demands for international solidarity and public private partnership. The coordination of health decision makers, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, community groups and individuals is must for controlling the incidence of diseases, preventing the spread of epidemics and regulate the health management of human and material resources (Boutayeb, 2005). WHO is a political hero for coordinating global response. 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