Infectious Disease Research Paper Anthrax Essay Example for Free

Infectious complaint Research Paper Anthrax EssayTypically spread from serviceman to livestock and can be transmitted via air, smear, animal hides, and food. The dormant spores of Anthrax can live in soil and animal products, such as hides (leather) for years and it is not easy to kill by heat or cold. Once spores argon eaten by livestock, they ar activated very quickly, and the bacteria then reproduces. The animal typically dies and the bacteria is returned to the soil and water as spores. diagnosing typically requires the element of suspicion for a physician to diagnose anthrax. Diagnosis begins with culturing the bacterium and performing a gram stain.A motility test and the lack of hemolysis on blood agar can also be apply to diagnose anthrax. The main virulence factors are its polypeptide capsule and what is referred to as a tripartite toxin which is composed of three separate proteins. One protein is called edema factor the second protein is protective antigen, and th e third is lethal factor which causes massive inflammation and shock. There is a vaccine that contains live spores and a toxoid prepared from a special strain of B anthracis used to protect livestock in areas of high anthrax cases.There is also a purified toxoid that is recommended for humans that have frequent contact with livestock or animal products that could potentially carry the bacteria. The preferred preaching for anthrax is antibiotics such as penicillin, doxycycline, or ciproflaxin. Anthrax has become one of the popular choices for use as a biological warfare agent. Reasons for this would be because the spores of Bacillus anthracis can remain dangerous for many decades.former(a) than the use of anthrax in bioterrorism, the occurrence of anthrax is rare and occurs most frequently in maturation countries with high agriculture concentration and without veterinary public health programs. Works Cited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, part of Health and Human

Health and Social Care Communication Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care intercourse EssayThe dialogue cycle was discovered by Argyle in 1972. The cycle consists of six areas, every of these six areas are important during communication, if any of these areas of the cycle are disrupted past the receiver would non understand or may interpret the message wrongly. The first coiffure to this cycle is to gift a starting idea or the code of the message in this stage the mind processes on how the judgment of conviction is overtaking to be told, such as the timbre of the voice and also what words testament destiny to be used so that the receiver will interpret the message correctly. The thoughts will be coiffure into the manner of speaking or into more or less other code such as sign language. The second stage of how to say what you want to say to clear sure the receiver understands what you are saying and interprets it how you are moment them to.see morepromoting effective communication and relationships in wellness an d social carry offThis means what non-verbal language you are going to use as you are talking so they understand what you mean, also the tone. The tone is the key to how the receiver is going to interpret your message. The third stage to the communication cycle is to say it or to send the message, during this stage you will speak or sign or communicate in some way as long as the message is sent. During this stage the environment around you is the key to make sure the receiver can understand the words that you are saying. For example if you are in a loud room, and you are trying to communicate with another somebody the receiver is more than likely going to get the message you stupefy sent, wrong because the receiver might not be able to describe all of the words that are said. This means that they will have to assume what words were said to make the sentence make sense.The fourth stage is message received, the receiver here hears or sees the words that you have said, and they hav e heard you properly and not missed any words out because if they have at that placefore this is where the communication goes wrong. The fifth stage is message decoded the receiver now has to interpret your message, e.g. what you have said. This is not forever and a day as easy as it seems as the other person will make some assumptions most your body language and the words that you have used. The closing stage of the communication cycle is message understood, the final stage is the receiver has to understand what your message is through all the correct non-verbal language, and verbal response, if all goes substantially the cycle is finished.Tuckman made a theory about root discussions in 1965.Tuckman suggested that nearly all groups go through a process involving four stages when they first meet. The stages are called forming, storming, norming and performing. All these stages make the group befit stronger and make sure that they are in the correct group. Forming is the firs t stage of the theory, so when a group gets together, they introduce themselves to the group. Most tidy sum have their best faces on and are polite people do this because of first impressions. First impressions are important to people in the group because the impression a person sets is what other people expect from that person all of the time.Storming is growing out about each other, find out more about each other what people interest and strengths is, this is also the stage where people brain storm. But this is the stage where most people drop out because they find out that this is not the correct group for them. Norming is where the trust begins, this is the stage where team outgrowths support others and listen to other team members opinion. Everyone seems to get a sense of belonging and the group is now recognised and identified as a group.The final stage performing is where group members can rely on others on assist them if they are needed, where loyalty is high now. People can go in sub groups to get the compute done faster. Tuckman then added a fifth stage (Adjourning) in the 1970s to cover the end-game in his story of how groups develop. Adjourning was added to end the group when the group finishes and separates as eventually all groups will separate, when groups separate they might have a party, or they might make plans to what they want to do next in life. Tuckman said afterwards completing his theoryGroups initially concern themselves with orientation accomplished primarily through interrogatory. Such testing serves to identify the boundaries of both interpersonal and task behaviours. Coincident with testing in the interpersonal realm is the introduction of dependency relationships with leaders, other group members, or preexisting standards. It may be said that orientation, testing and dependence constitute the group process of forming. (Wolfwise, 2012) It is important to have effective communication in the work of health and social care be cause if there isnt effective communication between recompense and patient then the patient will get confused and overwhelmed.They will just want to walk out. It is important that pertains or nurses do not use jargon whilst talking to a patient as this will bushel communication dramatically. If the doctor talks in jargon to a patient in the cycle they will only get to stage four because the patients wont be able to decode what the doctor has just said this means that this communication is ineffective and this will have affected the patient. But if the doctor used language she understood then the patient would understand and would complete the conversation.There are carve up of different types of ways to communicate in a health and social care environment there is one to one, group, formal, informal, verbal, and written and loads more. All of these ways of communicating is great for health and social care all depending on how you use them all. If you use all these but you use the m woefully then this is poor communication but if you use them all well then this is obviously good communication. (Developing effective communication in Health and Social Care. June 2011) Developing effective communication in Health and Social Care.

How Mary Rowlandsons Puritan Beliif Influenced Her Narrative of Her Captivity Essay Example for Free

How bloody shame Rowlandsons puritan Beliif Influenced Her Narrative of Her Captivity EssaySome population are just better suited for things and situations then others. If you want a re in eachy hard math equation d starness maybe you should look in the depths of the library. If you need help moving into a young house and are moving heavy stuff go to the nearest weight room. Everyone, for the most part, is usually good for something. In this narrative, religion is everywhere.With verse after verse being quoted from the Bible. Some people dedicate hu domainityy gods while most have one reining all-powerful being. In the case of bloody shame Rowlandson, I believe her being a puritan and having the strong puritan beliefs made her more suitable for dealing with the trails she was about to face then say a everyday church goer. Being the wife of a preacher it shows in the text bloody shame was solidly grounded in her doctrine making and well knowingSee more how to start a narrative essay introductionThe Puritan Belief is one that was quite popular in the colonies at that time. Major Puritan beliefs are taken seriously. A Puritan had to be a hard worker, be honest about everything and to be able to be ego sufficient even though they believed that life on this earth was of little importance, that they shouldnt worry in like manner much because life is temporary. That all peoples faith is already predetermined from the second they were born. From bloody shames point of view she was very obedient to her husband. The Father was the backbone of Puritan households he had authority over everything and led the family financially and spiritually.In the start of Marys internment she is living in Lancaster with her family when the natives attack them. Almost everyone on the village is brutally killed or wounded or taken into captivity and bargained for goods from the colonist for their lives. Marys family members were either killed or wounded. She witnessed the brutality of the Indians as she describes in one man in her village wounded in the ground begging for his life and the natives ripped him naked and removed all his bowels (Salisbury, p.68). Now separated from all but her very wounded daughter the natives begin to take them northwest. in conclusion her daughter, Sarah, passes away from her injuries. This trail in Marys life for umpteen people would spell doom. I dont think if Mary were a devout Puritan she would have not survived the hard knocks of losing her daughter plus the abuse of being a captive to the natives. change surface with her strong faith Mary writes about her waning faith, the bitterness in her heart and intense sadness she is feeling During this time Mary describes the natives of being like demons. Workers for the evil doings of Satan (Salisbury, p.71). That the natives are more then just enemies of state of war but enemies of the Christian faith and the spread of the goodness of God.Saying many times over s he yearns for the caller-out of fellow Christians. While writing this narrative Mary constantly revaluates her faith. Even apothegm at one point after the death of her daughter then she has not been showing the lord enough charge on the Sabbath. Saying at one time The next day was the Sabbath then I remembered how many Sabbaths I had lost and misspent, and how evilly I had walked in Gods sight(Salisbury, p.74). Mary realizes that she must keep her faith if she is going to survive this ordeal. She always quotes scripture to understand or squander any obstacle she faces.Even in the smallest things she quotes scripture, while walking she simply slips a quotes a Psalm, When my foot slipped, thy mercy, O Lord, help me up(Salisbury, p.96). Reinforcing her puritan beliefs that God had a plan for her. That everything that was happening to her was in an already predetermined plan. God though proposems from my point of view was watching over Mary. When her wounds are worsening she happens to run into a British man that had similar injuries and showed her how to heal them.During one of the Indians raids on the Medfield colony, one of the natives recovered a Bible that they allowed Mary to read(Salisbury, p.76). When she ask food somehow she found a way to get food or some was provided for her. ability Philip is a tribal leader that even though the war bears his name is not so furious him-self and makes Marys survival chances brighter. Mary gets word from a man that her husband is alive and she gets to see her children which gives her hope that she will live with them again. All these things some small some larger made God seem present with her.Mary knows the Puritan belief requires them to be self-sufficient. She foraged for nuts and grain and started sewing to mountain for either meals or goods like tobacco, which she could sell. Mary is always honest with the natives. Never ling to them about her plans or what she thought. Mary Rowlandsons narrative on this sto ry did show me how during rough times during the early colonies these religious puritans held strong.Though some beliefs of the new bay puritans may be drastic if seems it was the perfect religion for that time. passim the story Mary is tempted with signs of rescue but never truly curses God or defiles him. Personally Marys story is very similar to Jobs, who she quotes one or twice, in which God allows Satan to lick many hardships on him to challenge his faith because Satan believe since God blesses Job with many things when all is taken from him he will abandon God and curse him.Job never does though saying to his wife, Shall we only except the good things from God and not the Bad? Marys perseverance at long last leads to her release and she is reunited with most of her family. Her Puritan belief kept her mentally and spiritually prepared for what she had to go done and inspired her to write such a powerful story of faith and hope.

Motives, Triggers And Barriers To Internationalization

Motives, Triggers And Barriers To InternationalizationIn general, internationalisationoccurs when the follow expand its business activities into foreign foodstuffs. there might be several savvys for this. Of course, the close to frequent causa is to expand profits, but this is not the only iodine. The motives and triggers for internationalization ar a key concept for substantials that be planning to enter the global mart since both concepts will shape the internationalization strategy or path (ij et al) and important characteristics of this butt. tabulate 2 and Table 3 present the main motives and triggers.If the main reason to start exportationing is to increase profits and harvesting, the potential new marketplaces will be those where the contender is less(prenominal) fierce and margins apprize be set on a higher level. If the goal is to reduce be by expanding the economies of scale, the target countries might be anyone, independent of the profit level that the t roupe can hand at that place as long as there argon positive. If the fierce competition in the local anesthetic market is the driver to star exporting, then the foreign market will be determined as a defensive strategy mainly by forces external to the mansion.An separate crucial concept is the barriers impeding the export initiation. If any one of this factors or a combination of them is available in the firms context, it may demand back the internationalization of the firm for a long period or even forever. According to Hollensen (2008), the slender factors hindering internationalization initiation are mainly internal. Table 4 summarizes these barriers.In the twenty-four hour period coffee bean case, and based on the general information analysed and on the come with history, it will be assumed that the primeval motive to start the internationalization process is to increase profits and to grow in revenue.In addition, virtu exclusivelyy foreign market opportunities could be considered as a motive. On the another(prenominal) hand, agonistic Pressure as a reactive motive could also have been stated, but it does not seem the main one according to the information analysed. The Day coffee berry is a small company and usually the firms that react to matched pressures are larger than they are. Furtherto a greater extent, Days revenue and market share are increasing according to companies figures, so the competitive pressure is not really a problem yet. The ride out of the motives in Table 2 were discarded after(prenominal) a careful examination.The main trigger found in the The Day coffee bean case can be the Perceptive focal point. The company management is highly professional, includes people with numerous diametric backgrounds and the fact that the headquarters are in London -a well known international financial and make out centre- provides another good reason to support this interpretation.The second trigger might be the Importing as inward internationalization. Although the point of intersections and the headquarters are I the United Kingdom, the production facilities are located in Germany and the final examination product is exported from there to the U.K., according to the BBC19. The friendship accumulated by importing the product from one European country to England can be used to make easy the export process to any other European nation.In order to be able to answer the question regarding to which country they should go (export or invest in) it is assumed that no barriers hindering the export initiation exists or that if they exist, they are preventable at an affordable cost. It can also be assumed that these barriers will not stop the internationalization of the firm but rather slow the velocityat which the company expands abroad.2.5.2. Strategic approach to internationalization at one time it has become clear that the firm can, needs or wants to export or expand their operations abroad, there is a need of knowing how and where to go.In order to answer these questions it is prerequisite to have a cloth to guide the epitome. For The Day Chocolate case the guidebook presented in Internationalization Handbook by ij (ij et al. 2005) was the most appropriated. This structure is presented in Figure 5.According to ij the graduation exercise part (Part I) in Figure 5 is the survival of the fittest of the appropriate Internationalization Path. In his book, he presents three typical pathways that the internationalization process of a software program firm may take, but his misuses and conclusions can also be expand to any firm in the confectionery market like Days chocolate. This area under discussion is also the like as the one that Hollensen refers as Internationalization theories or models in the third chapter of his book Essentials of Global marketplaceing. For the conclusion of this work, the 3 pathways presented by ij can also be increase with the many other presented by Hollens en.Among many models, paths or theories, the most well known are the one presented in Table 5.Based on Days corporate webpage statistics and from private sector publications20, like Tranchell Doherty, it can be assumed that the company started it internationalization process by choosing an Organic growth path. The timeline on the firms webpage confirms that Devines management decided to begin their operations abroad in markets that are very close in location but also in gloss and institutions like the United States and that the internationalizationprocess has been taking place in small but incremental steps.The size of the company and the market where it operates also support this view. In contrast with what happens with large companies, where the internationalization process happens in a relatively continuous and incremental fashion, for SMEs (like The Day Chocolate) in general this process is make in small incremental steps. According to Hollensen, usually for SMEs the internati onalization process is relatively discrete and all project is distinct and individual. The fact that the company operates in the confectionery industry and not in the IT sector, among other facts, is also a good reason for not considering this firm chocolate as a born(p) global company. Freeman (2002) also states that for Small and Medium Enterprises managers endure to gather and look for relevant knowledge and information before becoming internationalization ready, which is consistent with Devines history and with the Uppsala model21.In 2007, the company took the next step in its internationalization process by setting a foot in the United States market by opening offices there. According to Johanson, and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975) that would have constituted the third stage.2.5.3. The country choiceOnce the company has determined the path for internalization, its management needs to start the potential markets selection process (Part II in figure x.1). To address this problem, the masking piece process detailed in Rugman and Collinson (1995) will be used.2.5.3.1. First application find out what product to offer to the military personnel marketThis first wake is crucial in determining the potential of the companys goods in markets other than the local. This task canbe carried on successfully by utilise a wide number of market research tools. International trade statistics inspection, competitors financial information analysis and research papers or databases that are offered by international multilateral organizations like FAO, the World coin bank and the IMF could be valuable tools as well.In general, chocolate confectionery is offered in all almost the countries of the world. In this sense, initially there are a large number of potential countries where to choose from. However, in this case, the company is selling a very specific product (high quality + socially congenial chocolate) that limits the scope of this first top. One drawback when dealing with this kind of specific and one-in-a-kind characterized goods is the lack of information or the excessive cost of acquire it.A first measure to identify the potential foreign markets for The Day Chocolate would be analysing the world trade evolution of Fair-Trade products. That might help the firms management in recognizing the most active markets for this kind of products.As it is interpretn in Table 6 and according to the Fairtrade Labelling Organizations (FLO) in 2009 they were many countries showing a dynamic market for this kind of products. Among them, it is necessary to highlight Canada, Finland, Australia and New Zealand where the surge in the transactions was higher that 65% in the first case and about 60% in the other tree cases. Other nations with a rare performance were Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Ireland and Sweden. Although the U.K. and the United States presented a performance below the average growth rate of 15%, it is necessary to state that they are still by far the most important marketsin volume for fundamental and fair-traded goods.Regarding the specific case of this companys main product, a NGO -TransFair USA- declare that during 2008 the imports of fair-trade certified cocoa into the U.S. rose at rates of more than 50%.22Finally, the genuine potential of every market will be in the long run determined by the interaction with other factors such as socio heathen forces and economic conditions.2.5.3.2. Second screening Macroeconomic and financial conditionsThe last World Economic Outlook report from the International monetary computer memory (IMF)23 clearly shows what to expect for the upcoming years. The developed countries GDP will grow on average 2,5% in 2011, still trying to recover from 2007s financial crisis. The U.S., Germany, and the U.K, together with some developed Asian countries such as sulfur Korea will be presenting above average growth rates. However, some countries like Spain, Italy and France will s how a growth rate between 0% and 1%. On the other hand, create nations are expected to growth on average 6,5%, with Developing Asia and Latin America leading among these regions.From a macroeconomic point of view, the next years are going to be very good ones for most of the developing countries and also for some developed nations. For the purpose of this document, the countries will be segmented in four categories, considering that The Day Chocolate should focus in the short run on those that are not experiencing a recession. Table 7 contains this information.However, the product that they are offering is not a cheap one. It is a premium product and usually the prices are above the average. In this context, the income levels of the consumers are also an important factor to be considered.This is what Rugman Collinson (1995) called the Market intensity.Figure 6 shows the relation between the per capita income level for all developed countries and the expected GDP growth for 2011. A s it is shown, there are 1 group that is more desirable for the company. The second quadrant comprises all countries showing both very high income level and high expected level of economic activity. However, the companys management might find also attractive potential markets in countries that do not have a very high level of per capita income, but whichs economies are growing very fast (Quadrant 4).2.5.3.3. Third screening Political and Legal forcesThis step covers the examination of the political and legal forces in every potential market. There might be trade barriers that obstruct the export process or the lack of solid institutions can represent a serious risk in the form of the future losses.One way to observe this serious problems is by addressing to the World Economic Forums (WEF) Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)24. This index includes a weight down average of several different components, each one of them measuring a diverse feature of the competitiveness. Those compone nts are grouped into 12 categories or pillars. The first one of these pillars is Institutions. The GCI is calculated for 140 countries and the results are available shrive of charge. Table 8 presents the most important variables and their weight within the first pillar Institutions.Table 9 provides some of the results obtained by the WEFs researchers for the 2010/11 index25. There it can be seen that the countries with the most stable or certain are in general also those with a higher level of economic development.2.5.3.4.Forth screening socio-cultural forcesA multinational corporation or a company desiring to become one should examine the main social and cultural disparities between the potential market and the home country.The concepts of cultural outperform and psychological distance as presented in Hollensen (2008) have the potential of disturbing the normal flow between the foreign market and the company.Language, religion, work habits, ethnicity, age and many other socio-cu ltural factors may influence the decision regarding where to locate the operations. Maps 1 and 2 illustrate this theory by presenting the world distribution of the main religions and of the English speaking nations.For The Day Chocolate to avoid problems generated by cultural distance it will be recommended to establish operations or to export to anglo-saxon countries, like former British colonies or commonthwealth nations. Other european nations, specially those from German and Nordic origins, might be suitable in this first stage of internationalization. In a future stage, and after reducing these distances by means of the learning process, the firm might also attempt to gain a foot in more culturally distant markets.Focus groups activities and consumer surveys can help the firm in determining the main differences and similarities between the foreign market and the headquarters values and culture.2.5.3.5. Fifth screening Competitive enviromentThis last stage of the analysis focuse s on the competitive forces. Confronted with comparable and equally desirable potential markets, the firms tend to internationalize to those where the competition is less ferocious. The lack of competition can provide the company with some tipof monopolistic power that might have the power to increase the earnings.In the case analyzed, there were find many new actors entering into the market in the last years, also some big players in the industry like Nestle and Cadbury are making efforts to tap this fast growing segment26. Despite these facts, competition is still not a barrier in most of the national markets analysed.Special attention should be paid to Germany, Switzerland and Austria, where several small and medium local producers have a long lasting impost manufacturing chocolate products of world recognized quality27.2.5.3.6. Final selectionAccording to The Day Chocolates website, the firm currently operates in 11 markets. In the U.K.28 and in the United States, the company has direct control over its business. In the rest of the countries, they rely on other companies, which are in charge of the distribution channels (Canada, Norway, Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark, Slovakia, Czech democracy and Japan).Trough the screening process and its five stages many countries were considered as potential new markets Finland, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, South Korea, Germany, Switzerland and Romania.Germany and Switzerland were discarded mainly because of the competitive environment and in second place because some possible cultural distance. South Korea was finally not considered fundamentally because the huge cultural distance and also because the physical distance. callable to the market size and growth projections, the chocolate per capita consumption29, the similarities in the socio-cultural environments, the reliable legal and political framework, the expected friendly competitive context this document concludes thatThe Day Chocolates management should m ake an effort to analyse in more detail the potential of the following new markets Australia, Finland, Belgium and New Zealand.

Air Pollution, Water Pollution And Land Pollution

Air Pollution, Water Pollution And Land PollutionPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION, the near commonly used word in our eitherday life relating to the destruction of the graphic air we breathe, the peeing we drink and the land we live on. No doubt the world is rapidly developing in every bea possible which makes our lives untold easier to live but on the other hand for get that we ourselves ar destroying the natural resources. Many environmental researches cede proved that it is because of the rapid emersion in technology and other areas of growth that leads to a massive increase the growth of defilement. The unexpected befoulment caused is mainly due to the human activities such(prenominal) as ball-shapedization, industrialization, and expanding increase in technology. This flip-flop is experienced not in a short precondition but in a long run, when it slowly started affecting people.Pollution can be officially defined as the undesirable and unintended contamination of the environmen t by human activities such as manufacturing, wild disposal, burning fossil fuels etc. The effect of pollution can be experienced in different ways. The most common ways of pollution areAir pollutionWater pollutionLand pollution.AIR POLLUTIONThis tern is not something new, it has been existing since he time of industrial revolution where in big chimneys are pointed out in the air which releases harmful gases into the atmosphere. This phenomenon has been increasing since then as the industries have been developing simultaneously. Today, air pollutants have shown a great effect on plantations, health and life, decreasing the pleasure of living, rising medical costs, causes global warming and also causes the destruction of the ozone layer.One of the major causes of air pollution is the release of carbon di oxide into the atmosphere. This happens because of deforestation and fossil fuel burning. Sulfur dioxide is another main air polluter and is released into the atmosphere by the burn ing of sulfur containing compounds of fossil fuels. Sulfur dioxide is very harmful for the humans on high concentration and sulfur in the atmosphere is the main cause of acid rains. Chlorofluorocarbons also contribute to air pollution by reducing the ozone layer in the stratosphere. CFCs are produced by the burning of pliant foam items, leaking refrigerator equipment and spray cans.WATER POLLUTIONContamination of available natural pee by industrial cops and other waste products can be defined as water pollution. Factors ca utilize water pollution can be categorized into two different groups Point sources and Non- point sources.Point sources are easy to identify and control. Some point sources of water pollution include waste products from factories, waste from sewage, waste from power plants , waste from under install coal mines and waste from oil wells. They are called point sources because these are the mold sources of water pollution and be reduced and monitored.Non- point s ources are ambiguously defined and are much harder to control. The term non -point source encompasses a large range of sources like when rain and snow moves through the ground and picks up major pollutants and mover towards a major body of water, the runoff of fertilizers from acquires animals and crop lands, air pollutants getting washed or deposited to earth, and storm water drained from streets parking lots and lawns.LAND POLLUTIONThe contamination of and with different kinds of wastes is called land pollution. The major causes of land pollution are construction, national waste , industrial waste and agriculture.The rising construction of building takes away the trees that takes away the homes of the animals living there. As there are more than and more people inhabiting on our planet, the demand for food increases and the forests are cut down to make farm lands. In addition, Herbicides, pesticides, artificial fertilizers and animal manure are washed into the soil and pollute it. Tons of domestic waste is dumped everyday from homes offices etc. They can be recycled or burnt in incinerators. There are still more waste machinery products such as refrigerators and washing machines that are dumped in landfills simply because they cannot be recycled. Plastic factories, oil refineries, nuclear waste disposals, and large animal farms, all lead to land pollution. shipway TO STOP POLLUTIONWe can help to reduce global air pollution and climate change by few waysDriving a car that gets at least 35 mpg, walking, biking, and using public transportation, using CFL bulbs over incandescent bulbs, buying only energy efficient appliances, recycling newspaper, aluminum, and others, position trees, avoid purchasing products that contains CFCs, supporting much stricter clean air laws and enforcement of international treaties to reduce ozone depletion and slow global warming.

Characteristics of a Failed State

Characteristics of a Failed demesneThe termfailed put upis often used to describe a res publicaperceived as having failed at whatever of the basic conditions and responsibilities of asovereign government. In order to make this definition more precise, the spare-time activity attributes, are often used to characterize a failed stateloss of physical control of its territory, or of the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force on that pointin,erosion of legitimate authority to make corporal decisions,an inability to provide reasonable public services, andAn inability to interact with other states as a wax member of the international communityCommon characteristics of a helplessness stateinclude a profound government so weak or ineffective that it has little practical control over more than of its territory non-provision of public services widespread corruption and criminality refugees and involuntary movement of populations and sharp sparing declineA state could be sai d to succeed if it maintains, in the words ofMax Weber, amonopoly on the legitimate use of physical forcewithin its borders. When this is broken (e.g., through the plethoric carriage ofwarlords,para legions classs, orterrorism), the rattling existence of the state becomes dubious, and the state becomes afailed state. The difficulty of determining whether a government maintains a monopoly on the legitimate use of force (which includes the problems of the definition of legitimate) means it is non receive precisely when a state laughingstock be said to have failed. This problem of legitimacy can be solved by understanding what Weber intended by it. Weber clearly explains that just the state has the means of production necessary for physical violence (politics as vocation). This means that the state does not require legitimacy for achieving monopoly on the means of violence (de facto) but will need one if it necessitate to use it (de jure).The term is also used in the sense of a state that has been rendered ineffective (i.e., has titular military/police control over its territory only in the sense of having no fortify opposition groups directly challenging state authority in short, the no newsworthiness is good news approach) and is not able to enforce its laws uniformly because of high crime rates, extremepolitical corruption, an extensive on the loose(p) market, impenetrable bureaucracy, judicial ineffectiveness, military interference in politics, cultural situations in which traditional leaders oversee more power than the state over a certain area but do not compete with the state, or a number of other factors.TheCrisis States Research Centredefines a failed state as a condition of state collapse -i.e., astatethat can no longer coiffe its basic security and development functions and that has no effective control over its territory and borders. A failed state is one that can no longer reproduce the conditions for its own existence. This term is used in very contradictory ways in the policy community (for instance, there is a tendency to label a poorly performing state as failed a tendency the Crisis States Research Centre rejects). The opposite of a failed state is an enduring state and the absolute dividing line surrounded by these cardinal conditions is difficult to ascertain at the margins. Even in a failed state, well-nigh elements of the state, such(prenominal) as local state organisations, might wrap up to exist.Indicators of state vulnerabilityThe indexs ranks are based on twelve indicators of state vulnerability four social, two economic and six political. The indicators are not designed to forecast when states may experience violence or collapse. Instead, they are meant to measure a states vulnerability to collapse or conflict. All countries in the red (Alert, FSI of 90 or more), orange (Warning, FSI of 60 or more), or yellow (Moderate, FSI of 30 or more) categories display some features that make parts of their societies and institutions vulnerable to failure. Some in the yellow zone may be failing at a faster rate than those in the more dangerous orange or red zones, and therefore could experience violence sooner. Conversely, some in the red zone, though critical, may exhibit some positive signs of recovery or be deteriorating slowly, giving them time to adopt mitigating strategies.Social indicatorsDemographic pressuresincluding the pressures deriving from high population density relative to food supply and other life-sustaining resources. The pressure from a populations settlement patterns and physical settings, including border disputes, ownership or occupancy of land, access to transportation outlets, control of religious or historical sites, and proximity to environmental hazards.Massive movement of refugees and internally displaced peoplesforced uprooting of large communities as a result of random or targeted violence and/or repression, causing food shortages, disease, lack of excu lpated water, land competition, and turmoil that can spiral into larger valetitarian and security problems, both within and between countries.Legacy of vengeance-seeking group grievancebased on recent or past injustices, which could date prat centuries. Including atrocities committed with impunity against communal groups and/or specific groups singled out by state authorities, or by dominant groups, for persecution or repression. Institutionalized political exclusion. Publicscapegoatingof groups believed to have acquired wealth, status or power as testify in the emergence of hate radio, pamphleteering and stereotypical or nationalistic political rhetoric.Chronic and sustained human flightboth the brain drain of professionals, intellectuals and political dissidents and voluntary emigration of the middle class. Growth of dislodge/expatcommunities are also used as part of this indicator.editEconomic indicatorsUneven economic development along group linesdetermined by group-based in equality, or perceived inequality, in education, jobs, and economic status. withal measured by group-based pauperization levels, infant fatality rate rates, and education levels.Sharp and/or severe economic declinemeasured by a progressive economic decline of the society as a whole (using per capita income, GNP, debt, child mortality rates, poverty levels, business failures.) A sudden drop in commodity prices, trade revenue, foreign coronation or debt payments. Collapse or devaluation of the national currency and a growth of hidden economies, including the drug trade, smuggling, and jacket crown flight. Failure of the state to pay salaries of government employees and armed forces or to meet other financial obligations to its citizens, such as pension payments.Political indicatorsCriminalization and/or delegitimisation of the stateendemic corruption or profiteering by ruling elites and resistance to transparency, accountability and political representation. Includes any widespre ad loss of popular confidence in state institutions and turnes.Progressive deterioration of public servicesa disappearance of basic state functions that lot the people, including failure to protect citizens from terrorism and violence and to provide essential services, such as health, education, sanitation, public transportation. Also using the state apparatus for agencies that serve the ruling elites, such as the security forces, presidential staff, central bank, diplomatic service, customs and collection agencies.Widespread violation of human rightsan emergence of authoritarian, dictatorial or military rule in which constitutional and democratic institutions and processes are suspended or manipulated. Outbreaks of politically inspired (as contend to criminal) violence against innocent civilians. A rising number of political prisoners or dissidents who are denied due process consistent with international norms and practices. Any widespread abuse of legal, political and social ri ghts, including those of individuals, groups or cultural institutions (e.g., molestation of the press, politicization of the judiciary, internal use of military for political ends, public repression of political opponents, religious or cultural persecution.) protective cover apparatus as state within a statean emergence of elite orpretorial guardsthat operate with impunity. Emergence of state-sponsored or state-supported private militias that terrorize political opponents, suspected enemies, or civilians seen to be sympathetic to the opposition. An army within an army that serves the interests of the dominant military or political clique. Emergence of competitor militias, guerrilla forces or private armies in an armed struggle or protracted violent campaigns against state security forces.Rise of factionalised elitesa fragmentation of ruling elites and state institutions along group lines. Use of warring nationalistic rhetoric by ruling elites, especially destructive forms of comm unalirredentism(e.g., Greater Serbia) or communal solidarity (e.g., ethnic cleansing, defending the faith).Intervention of other states or external factorsmilitary or Para-military intimacy in the internal affairs of the state at risk by outside armies, states, identity groups or entities that affect the internal balance of power or resolution of the conflict. Intervention by donors, especially if there is a tendency towards over-dependence on foreign aid or peacekeeping missions.

Effect Of Heavy Metals On The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

Effect Of intelligent Metals On The purlieu surroundingsal Sciences EssayHeavy alloys are near abundant forms of contaminant in Malaysia either in the forms of solid or liquid. With the vast industrialization and stinting development in coastal region, voiceless admixtures are continuing to be chisel ind to the estuarine and coastal environment which nonethelesstually termination up into the river, outpourings and knowledge base base champaign (Yu et al., 2007). Metals diffuses into the aquatic environment result character-hardenedtle evolve down and be incorporated into alluviations together with fundamental matters, Fe/Mn oxides, sulfides, and corpse (Wang and Chen, 2000). However, grueling surface mobility or availability in contaminated materials depends to grownup extent upon the different chemic and mineralogical forms that occurred (Song et al., 1999). Therefore, depositarys seem to be an excellent medium in the assessment of the coats brim to t he particulates. Nonetheless, posits are know to act as a sink for heavy metals to be portrayd into weewees either from two natural and anthropogenic obtains thus providing an excellent proof of mans impact (Pempkowiase et al., 1999 Guevara et al., 2005). In addition, they whitethorn besides act as traps for various types of pollutants including heavy metals (Poh and Mun, 1994). Indeed, changes in environmental conditions much(prenominal) as pH and redox potency should be monitored since it may results in remobilization of heavy metals. Unfortunately, due to the scarcity of information procurable to establish the heavy metal concentration in depositaryation development sequential downslope, no data is introduceed concerning the heavy metal taint in the rivers except for one author Shazili et al., 2008 on Langat River john. Heavy metals element is peculiarly crucial be scram any slight changes in availability may bm these elements to become either toxic or defici ent to plant (Krishnamurti et al., 1995). In fact, sequential extraction digest is a proficiency which is use to check over the geochemical partitioning of heavy metals amongst solid mineral and organic phases in sediment or different earth minerals (Howard and Vandenbrink, 1999). consecutive fractionation also ofttimes utilize in approaches to evaluate metals diffusion into different chemical forms present in solid phases. Although direct methods provide an unambiguous identification of the heavy metal forms and ways why they occur, they capacity not be sufficiently sensitive where heavy metals occur at relatively low levels and they do not provide quantitative information on heavy metal mobility and availability (Song et al., 1999). However, sequential extraction approach is undoubtedly reusable since a few(prenominal) attempts have completed and few modification have been made establish on Tessier et al., (1979) much(prenominal) as Silviera et al., (2006) Krishnamurti et al., (1995) Song et al., (1999) Forghani et al., (2009), Poh and Mun, (1994).2.0 Problem StatementLangat river, Bernam River and Klang River river basin is located in the enounce of Selangor in which known to be the most developing states in Malaysia different than Kuala Lumpur. alone of these rivers are primarily Copernican as weewee cite not only limited to proviso pissing to consumer but also for opposite purposes such as aquaculture and floriculture activity, fishing, effluent discharge, irrigation and even sand mining. With the vast industrialization held in the river such as sand mining it generate the release of metal bound in sediment into the piddle promoting metals diffussion into the aquatic organisms and eventually ends up into valet body. Moreover, separately metals poses their own panic to human, particularly Cadmium (Cd) are known for ca victimisation adverse health effects, once ingest into our body it bequeath private road lung cancer moreover it seldom meaning(a) as a cause of phytotoxicity in paddy field (Chaney, 2010). On the former(a) hand, surface (Zn) is a deficient and phytotoxic element in sediment which causes abdominal spite to humans, the latter due to industrial contamination (Chaney, 2010). Copper (Cu) in sediments powerfully adsorbs to clay minerals, iron and manganese oxides and organic material. In addition, it tends to remain in horizons that have a greater organic content whereas sandy sediment with low pH poses the greatest potential for Cu l several(prenominal)lying. On contrary, consume (Pb) is considered to be one of the major environmental pollutants and has been incriminated as a cause of accidental poisoning in domestic animals more than any other substance. In a nutshell, these metals are emboldened to be analyses since this metal endured exalted toxicity in the environment thus poses advanced potential threat and risk to humans and living organisms.3.0 Significance of StudyThis study is str iking since in Malaysia there is only few attempted study development sequential extraction as medium in determining the requisite of metals in environment. Particularly, this study get out be useful as a baseline data for goverment bodies to be more sensitive on the issues link to heavy metals. On the other hand, this study pull up stakes provide a delineation on the sources of metals which contribute the most anthropogenically or naturally to the environment since the major contributor on the environment deteroriation is a non point source. Therefore, identifying the potential sources is crucial in maintaining the environment. Nonetheless, by conducting this study it ables to generate a ponderous understanding on the sources and parent materials of which heavy metals are exceedingly introduce to the estuary. Thus, contribute to the discovery of metals strength and percentage of binding to organic or inorganic pollutants. Hence, providing an illustration on the perspective of contaminant in the selected rivers based on screening of the forms of metals associated in the river. In addition, the attempted method allow utter a method development in assesing the metal in the environment. This study is beneficiary especially by the incision of Irrigation on the overview of the river status thus able to mitigate a scheme on minify the metal accumulation into the river by identifying the source of pollution.4.0 Research ObjectiveTo check over the chemical and mineralogical forms of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn in selected foul river.To profile the metal speciation (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn) in the sediment at selected polluted river in Selangor.To fancy the heavy metals affinity for specific geochemical phases in the recently deposited sediments in the river.To identify the pollution sources and active fortune of heavy metals accumulate into the surficial sediment and its chemical behavior in the aquatic environment.5.0 Literature ReviewA river is component of water cycle . Mostly rainfall on land will passes finished a river on its way to the ocean and smaller side streams will joins the river forming a tributaries (DID, 2010). In Malaysia, the water within a river generally originates from temerity through surface runoff, groundwater recharge (as seen at base flow conditions / during periods of insufficiency of precipitation) and release of stored water in natural or man-made reservoirs, such as wetlands, ponds or lakes (DID, 2010). Therefore, the rainfall will generate the surface runoff and flows into the river. While the runoff will collect all the suspended particulates on the land surface into the river. This is why source of metal is very warm to trace since it is a non point sources elements which diffuse into the river Basin. Therefore, in this case sediments map an important role in identication of the metals since it acts as fare and storage of potentially hazardous metals (Yu et al., 2008).Bernam River is somewhat about 3335 km2 a nd it forms a boundary in the midst of States of Perak in the north and Selangor in the south. The undulating hills of Bernam River merge into an undeveloped peat swamp area where the downstream of the peat swamp is a densely populated coastal strip on the Bernam River. Rice is cultivated in the lower areas ad- jacent to peat swamps and rubber, oil palm, coconuts and cocoa are cultivated in estates and smallholder schemes. Agrochemicals (fertilizers and herbicides) used on agricultural lands suggest a potential non-point source of pollution and toxicity affecting the aquatic ecosystems (Yap and Ong, 1990). log generates pollution through soil erosion, siltation and sedimentation in the streams. On the other hand, Langat River basin covered an area of 1300 km2 in the south of Kuala Lumpur and the length of Langat River is approximately about 120 km long (Sarmani, 1989). Langat river known as an important water source not only limited to supplying water to consumer but also for othe r purposes such as recreation, fishing, effluent discharge, irrigation and even sand mining (Juahir, 2009). Whereas, Klang River is notable as a highly polluted river in Selangor which flows through Kuala Lumpur and suburban area of the densely populated and highly industrialized Klang Valley (Tan, 1995). The upper reaches of the Klang River serve as an important source of water supply to an estimated population of two million people in this region, together with its growing industrial activities (Tan, 1995). According to the Environmental Quality survey (Department of Environment, 2007), the Klang River is regarded as one of the rivers which have been seriously affected by pollution. Discharges of sewer water from industrial activities in the Klang River basin have also contributed to increasing levels of organic chemical pollutants in the waterways.However, metals in sediment comes in various forms of elements. Therefore, each metals may give beneficiary and may also cause a pot ential threat to human. Once consumable in our body it might cause a prodigious imbalance thus causing deformities and sad health (Birungi et al., 2008). Sediment are an important features in the river any activities occured cerebrate to sediment such deepen or mining may cause the release of heavy metals into the river. This is because heavy metals may enter into natural water and become a part of the water sediment system and their distribution processes are controlled by a dynamic set of physical-chemical interactions and equilibrium (Jain, 2003). Therefore, the metals may bind to the aquatic organisms. Since these river is an essential water source in the state of Selangor, any aquaculture activity held in the river may have a significant potential of heavy metals accumulate into the fish or prawns. On the other hand, the deposition of metals in sediments usually occurs through an interaction between sediment and water (Piron et al., 1990), whereby changes of metal contents o f sediments and water depend on changes of water chemistry, such as, temperature, pH and solute concentration. That is why such study is prominent since metals interactions between bed sediment and water in aquatic environment move an important role on water quality and the fate and transport of metals.There are series of modification of sequential extraction technique have been made upon the suitability of the study. The recent modification are introduce by Silviera et al., 2006 which proposed to the studies specifically on the tropical soil. This method listed out vii fractionation steps which each illustrates the metal bound particulate in the sediments. The number one three fractionation steps explains the geochemical condition of the sediment whereas the quarter to the seventh steps refers to the anthropogenic conditions. This method is an alternative way to determine the source of metals, because the anthropogenically sourced metals preferentially partition to the non- ete rnal sleep phase of the sediment while the residual phase generally reflects background geochemical conditions (Forghani et al., 2009). Moreover, this method were chosen since it selectively extracts metal bound by specific sediment fractions with minimal effect on the other sediment components (Silviera et al., 2006). In addition, this method are an important bastard for predicting the potential effects of environmental changes and land application of metals on the redistribution of chemical forms in tropical sediments (Silviera et al., 2006).6.0 Research MethodologySediment Samplingthirty representative surficial sediments (0-20cm depth) will be taken from selected polluted river in Selangor from upstream to downstream of the river. Surface sediments samples will be collected in triplicates and homogenised in a zip lock polyethylene bags. The ingest will be conducted during low tide to enable the source of pollution from the mainland to be dogged without the influence of input from seawater compared to sampling during high tide. Sediment samples will be collected using plastic scoops, Eckman pinch or core sampler and place into panelling-washed double zip-lock polyethylene bag. All samples will be stored in imperturbable box at 4C during transportation to the science research lab prior to analysis.Sampling preparationThe laboratory apparatus are also acerbic washed and rinsed thoroughly first with distilled water to ensure any contaminants and traces of cleaning reagent were removed before the analysis. Pre-clean polycarbonate cartridge remover tube with soaked overnight in 5 % (v/v) nitric acid rinsed with distilled water later 24 hours prior to analysis. It is performed in clean laboratory to minimize the potential risk of contamination.Laboratory AnalysisPhysicochemical parameters such as pH, redox potential, salinity and conductivity will be mensurable using the 12 ratio of sediment and double deionized water (DDW). In addition, cations exchan ge capacity (CEC) and loss on ignition (LOI) will also be rigid in the study.Physicochemical ParametersThe sediment physicochemical analyses will be determined by mixing 10 g of air desiccated sample (Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)Sediment samples for CEC closing will be prepare in two 10 g portions, one for treatment with a 1 M NaCl base and other with a 1 M NH4Cl solution. Approximately about 10 ml of 95% ethanol will be carefully poured on sediment sample and drawn through the sediment by suction. The ethanol be in the sediment will later be removed by overnight evaporation. Then, the sediment will be transferred to small 50 ml Polycarbonate centrifuge tubes. Hence, about 30 ml of 1M NaCl was applied to one set of sub samples and 1 M NH4Cl solution was added to other set. The centrifuge tubes contains with the sediment pre-treated with NaCl and NH4Cl then will be shaken end over end for about 10-20 transactions and incidentally centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 30 minutes in orde r to settle the fines. After the samples are centrifuged, the supernatant will be removed with syringe and filter through a 0.45 m filter. About 15 ml of sample will be used for the analysis of Ca, Mg, and K from the NaCl supernatant solution and preserved with 1% 7M HNO3. Meanwhile, the solution from NH4Cl supernatant will be used for determination of Na and also preserved with 1% 7M HNO3. Sample analysis for Ca, Mg, Na and K choose similar procedure as in the case of major cations determination.The interchangeable cation concentration are converted from meq/100g to equivalent fractions (T) as (Apello Postma, 2005)T = meqI-Xz_____I, J.. meqI-XzWhere I, J,. are exchangeable cations, meqI-Xi is normally given in meq/100 g dry sediment and meqI-Xz is essential equal to CEC, ignoring pocket-size amounts of Fe, Mn, etc.Loss of Ignition (LOI)Dry a sample in an oven at 105C to constant weight. Accurately weigh 1g of this dried sample and pour into a preweighed dry crucible. Optionall y, a few drops of H2O2 may be added at this stage to promote oxidation. The samples will be transfered into benumb furnace and gradually increase the temperature to 500C. Leave inside the oven at this temperature for at least 4h or overnight if convenient. Cool, transfer to a dessicator and allow it to cool to room temperature. Weigh and calculate loss on ignition in % asLOI (%) = 100 x (M1 M2)M1Where M1 is the initial weight (g) and M2 is the weight after ignition (g).Sequential Extraction ProcedureThe methods that will be used in this study are based on modification methods from (Silviera et al., 2006). The fractionation of heavy metals in sediments will be carried out in triplicate, using 1 g of air-dried sediment. Then, sediment samples will be place in 50 ml polycarbonate centrifuge tubes, mixed in a stepwise fashion with various reagents as shown in figure 1, and the suspensions equilibrated. By following equilibration, the solution and solid phases will then be free by ce ntrifugation at 1225 g for 10 min. In between each successive extraction, the solid residues are suspended in 5 ml of 0.1 M NaCl, shaken by hand, and centrifuged to displace extracting solution remaining from the earlier step. The supernatant will be added to the former extractant. The steps are mean to reduce sample dispersion and to minimize read sorption of the metal. The supernatants will be filtered through a 0.45 m membrane, and the solid residues are preserved for the subsequent extractions. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in the various extracts will be determined by Inductive Couple Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Mass balances, calculated by summing individual Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn masses recovered from fractions, were compared with the independently determined total metal masses.Data AnalysisFurther data analysis will be conducted using the raw data obtained from the sample analysis. descriptive analysis, cluster analysis, factor Analysis will be conducted using few softwares such as SPSS version 17 and Multivariate Statistical package (MVSP) and AQUACHEM. Enrichment factors (EF) will be calculated to determine the level of trace metal contamination of the sediments.7.0 Project BenefitResearch Publications2 research daybook with impact factorOutput expected from the projectIt is expected that several publication can be produced from the data obtained in this study which useful as a reference for future research.It will provide the current information on the level of metal pollution in Selangor which functional for relevant authority to make the future planning and management purposes. economic contribution of the projectBy using the information gathered in this research, the relevant government bodies can make better planning and take preventive measures to avoid further contamination of the river as it is crucial source for the nation fisheries and aquaculture activity. Moreover, important because a lot of the population which resides near the mangrove area depend on it for their livelihood. Since, the destruction or contamination of this area will affect their source of income. The reduction in fisheries produce from the mangrove area due to metal pollution will results in high imports of fish products which in turn increase the outflow of money from the country.8.0 ReferencesApello, C.A.J Postma, D. 2005. Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution. second edition. Roterdam Balkema.Birungi, Z., Masola, B., Zaranyika, M. F., Naigaga, I. and Marshall, B. (2008). Active biomonitoring of trace heavy metals using fish (Oreochromis niloticus) as bioindicator speciesthe case of Nakivubo wetland along lake victoria.Chaney, R. L., 2010. Cadmium and Zinc. Trace Element in Soils. Wiley Publication. United Kingdom.Department of Environment, 2007. DOE Annual Report 2007. Retrieved from http//www.doe.gov.my/files/multimedia141/AR_JAS.pdf on 10 October 2010.DID, 2010. Department of Irrigation. River Management-Activities. Retri eved on 5 October 2010 at http//www.water.gov.my/index.php?option=com_contenttask=Forghani et al., 2009. Geochemistry and speciation of metals in sediments of the Maharlu Saline Lake, Shiraz, SW Iran. Environment Earth Science (2009) 59173-184Guevara et al., 2005. In Yu, R., Yuan, X., Zhao, Y., Hu, G., Tu, X., 2008. Heavy metal pollution in intertidal sediments from Quanzhou Bay, China. Journal of Environment Science 20, 664-669.Howard J. L., Vandenbrink W. J., 1999. Sequential extraction analysis of heavy metals in sediments of variable composition using nitrilotriacetic acid to counteract resorption.Jain, C. K., 2003. Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of River Yamuna, India. piddle Research 38 (2004) 569-578Juahir, H., Zain, S., Yusoff, M., Hanidza, T., Armi, A., Toriman, M. and Mokhtar, M., 2010. Spatial water quality assessment of Langat River Basin (Malaysia) using environmetric techniques. Environmental observe and Assessment.Krishnamurti, G. S. R., Huang, P. M., Va n Rees, K. C. J., Kozak, L. M. and Rostad, H. P. W., 1995. Speciation of particulate-bound Cadmium of Soils and its bioavailability. Analyst, 120.851.Pempkowiase J., Sikora A., Biernacka E., 1999. Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments vs their accumulation by mussels. Chemosphere 199939(2)313-21.Piron, M., Pineau, A. and Mabele, R.M., 1990. Sediment, parameters and distribution of metals in fine sediments of the loire estuary. Water, Air, axerophthol Soil Pollution 50(3), 267-277.Poh E. L., Mun Y. K., 1994. Determination and speciation of heavy metals in sediments of the Juru river, Penang, Malaysia. Environmental Monitoring Assessment 3585-95, 1995.Sarmani, S., 1989. The determination of heavy metals in water, suspended materials andSediments from Langat River, Malaysia. Hydrobiologia 176/177 233-238, 1989 .Shazili, N.A.M., Yunus, K., Ahmad, A.S., Abdullah, N. and Rashid, M.K.A., 2006. Heavy metal pollution status in the Malaysian aquatic environment. aquatic Ecosystem Health Management 9(2), 137-145.Silviera, M. L., Alleoni, L. R. F., OConnor, G. A., Chang, A. C., 2006. Heavy metal sequential extraction methods A modification for tropical soils. Chemosphere 64 (2006) 1929-1938.Song, Y., Wilson, M.J., Moon, H.S., Bacon, J.R. and Bain, D.C., 1999. Chemical and mineralogical forms of lead, zinc and cadmium in particle size fractions of some wastes, sediments and soils in Korea. Applied Geochemistry 14(5), 621-633.Tan, G. H., (1995). Residue Levels of Phthalate Esters in Water and Sediment Samples from the Klang River Basin. Environment Contamination and Toxicology 54171-1769 1995 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., Bisson, M., 1979. Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals. Analytical Chamistry, Vol 51, No 7, June 1979.US EPA, 1996. Method 3050B. Acid digestion of sediments, sludges and soils. Available from http//www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/3050b.pdfviewid=16Itemid= 395Yap, S.Y. and Ong, H.T. (1990) The effects of agrochemicals on an aquatic ecosystem a case study from the Krian River basin, Malaysia. The Environmentalist 10(3), 189202.Yu, R., Yuan, X., Zhao, Y., Hu, G., Tu, X., 2008. Heavy metal pollution in intertidal sediments from Quanzhou Bay, China. Journal of Environment Science 20, 664-669.